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Cellular Respiration: Converting Sugar into ATP

This chapter explores the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to produce sugars, while cellular respiration converts sugars into ATP using oxygen. The key concepts and stages of both processes are covered.

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Cellular Respiration: Converting Sugar into ATP

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  1. Chapter 4, Part 1 Notes (4.1 to 4.3) KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

  2. Starch molecule Glucose molecule The chemical energyused for most cell processes is carried by ATP, Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of life. ATP is a high-energy molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy. • Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.

  3. phosphate removed • ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. • Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. • ADP (essential to transfer of energy during photosynthesis) is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.

  4. adenosine triphosphate tri=3 adenosine diphosphate di=2 Organisms break down carbon-based molecules from food eaten to produce ATP. • Carbohydratesare the molecules most commonly broken downto make ATP. • not stored in large amounts • up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule

  5. 80 percent of the energy in your body • about 146 ATP from a triglyceride • Fatsstore the most energy. • Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP. • amino acids not usually needed for energy • about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

  6. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. • Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight. • In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules. • similar to photosynthesis • uses chemical energy instead of light energy

  7. KEY CONCEPTThe overall process of photosynthesisproduces sugars that store chemical energy.

  8. Photosynthetic organisms are producers. • Producersmake their own source of chemical energy. • Plants use photosynthesis and are producers. • Photosynthesiscaptures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

  9. chloroplast leaf cell leaf • Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy. • In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.

  10. grana (thylakoids) chloroplast stroma Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts. • Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts. • grana stack of thylakoids • stroma connect thylakoids in grana

  11. take place in thylakoids • water and sunlight are needed • chlorophyll absorbs energy • energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions • oxygen is released • The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight.

  12. take place in stroma • needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere • use energy to build a sugarin a cycle of chemical reactions • The light-independent reactions make sugars.

  13. granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast sunlight 6H2O 6O2 2 energy thylakoid stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4 • The equation for the photosynthesis overall process is: 6CO2+ 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

  14. KEY CONCEPT Photosynthesis requires a series of chemical reactions.

  15. The first stage of photosynthesis captures and transfers energy. • The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called photosystems.

  16. Photosystem II captures and transfers energy. • chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight • energized electrons enter electron transport chain • water molecules are split • oxygen is released as waste • hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membrane

  17. Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules. • chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight • energized electrons are used to make NADPH • NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactions

  18. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP. • hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane • ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP

  19. The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars. • Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules.

  20. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. • carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle • energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged • a high-energy 3-carbon moleculeleaves the cycle

  21. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. • two 3-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar • remaining molecules stay in the cycle

  22. Chapter 4, Part 2 Notes (4.4 to 4.6) KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.

  23. mitochondrion animal cell Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. • Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen. • Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.

  24. Glycolysis must take place first. • anaerobic process (does not require oxygen) • takes place in cytoplasm • splits glucose into two 3-carbon molecules • produces two ATP molecules

  25. 1 ATP mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) and 6CO 2 energy 2 3 energy from glycolysis ATP inner membrane and and 6H O 6O 2 2 4 Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis. • TheKrebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain. • takes place inmitochondrial matrix • breaks down 3-carbonmolecules from glycolysis Krebs Cycle • makes a small amount of ATP • releasescarbon dioxide • transfers energy-carrying molecules

  26. 1 ATP mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) and 6CO 2 energy 2 Electron Transport 3 energy from glycolysis ATP inner membrane and and 6H O 6O 2 2 4 • The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP. • takes place in inner membrane • energy transferred to electron transport chain • oxygen enters process • ATPproduced • water released as awaste product

  27. The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O • The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.

  28. KEY CONCEPT Cellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages.

  29. Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration. • The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available. • 2ATP molecules are used to split glucose • 4ATP molecules are produced • 2 molecules of NADHproduced • 2 molecules of pyruvateproduced

  30. The Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular respiration. • Pyruvate is broken down before the Krebs cycle. • carbon dioxide released • NADHproduced • coenzyme A (CoA) bonds to 2-carbon molecule

  31. The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.

  32. The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules (cont.). • NADH and FADH2 are made • intermediate molecule withCoAenters Krebs cycle • citric acid(six-carbon molecule)is formed • citric acid is broken down,carbon dioxide is released,and NADH is made • 5-carbon molecule is broken down, carbon dioxide is released, NADH and ATP are made • 4-carbon molecule is rearranged

  33. The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration. • The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP. • high-energy electronsenter electron transport chain • energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the inner membrane • hydrogen ionsflow through achannel in themembrane

  34. The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration (cont.). • The breakdown of one glucose molecule produces up to38 molecules of ATP. • ATP synthase produces ATP • oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions • water is released as a waste product

  35. KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen.

  36. Fermentationallows glycolysis to continue. • Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. • Fermentation is an anaerobic process. • occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration • does not produce ATP

  37. NAD+is recycled to glycolysis • Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. • glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules • pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation • energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid • NADH is changed back into NAD+

  38. Fermentation and its products are important in several ways. • Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. • glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation • energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide • NADH is changed back into NAD+ • NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis

  39. yogurt • cheese • Fermentation is used in food production. • bread

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