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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt. Archaic Period: 3000-2686 B.C.E. Old Kingdom: 2686-2181 B.C.E. First Intermediate Period: 2181-2055 B.C.E. Middle Kingdom: 2055-1650 B.C.E. Second Intermediate Period: 1650-1550 B.C.E. New Kingdom: 1550-1069 B.C.E Third Intermediate Period: 1069-644 B.C.E.

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Ancient Egypt

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  1. Ancient Egypt

  2. Archaic Period: 3000-2686 B.C.E. Old Kingdom: 2686-2181 B.C.E. First Intermediate Period: 2181-2055 B.C.E. Middle Kingdom: 2055-1650 B.C.E. Second Intermediate Period: 1650-1550 B.C.E. New Kingdom: 1550-1069 B.C.E Third Intermediate Period: 1069-644 B.C.E. Late Period: 664-332 B.C.E. Graeco-Roman Period: 332 B.C.E. - C.E. 395 Ptolemaic Period: 332-30 B.C.E. Roman Period: 30 B.C.E.-C.E. 395 History

  3. History • From prehistoric times, there were 2 opposing kingdoms: • Lower Egypt (in North) • Upper Egypt (in South)

  4. History • Circa 3100 B.C.E, King Narmer united these 2 kingdoms - this begins the Archaic Period of Egyptian history

  5. Old Kingdom • Archaic Period began the Old Kingdom. • Set up capital at Memphis • Created ample wealth • Huge building projects exhausted the newly created wealth • Pyramids of Giza

  6. Old Kingdom - Pyramids • Third Dynasty - • 2650 BCE: Earliest known pyramid in Egypt built for Djoser • The Step Pyramid

  7. Old Kingdom - Pyramids • Fourth Dynasty - • 2613-2589 BCE: Rule of Snefru. • Bent Pyramid built in honor of him • Angle was changed half-way through construction because original angle was too steep to support the weight

  8. Old Kingdom - Pyramids • Fourth Dynasty - • 2575 BCE: Great Pyramid of Giza built • Tomb for Khufu (Cheops) • 479 feet tall

  9. Old Kingdom - Pyramids • Fourth Dynasty - • 2532 BCE: Second largest of Pyramids of Giza built • Tomb for Khafre • 470 feet tall

  10. Old Kingdom - Pyramids • Fourth Dynasty - • Circa 2500 BCE: smallest of 3 Pyramids of Giza built • Tomb for Menkaura • 215 feet tall

  11. Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx • Historians do not agree on the background of the Great Sphinx • Who was the model for the face? • Who built it? • When was it built?

  12. Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx • Most common story: Built by Khafre to guard his pyramid • Head of a human with body of a lion • NOT unique to Egyptian culture

  13. Old Kingdom- Pyramids/Sphinx

  14. Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx

  15. Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx

  16. Old Kingdom- Pyramids/Sphinx

  17. Old Kingdom- Pyramids/Sphinx

  18. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • Mummification was very important for a person’s/pharaoh’s journey into the afterlife • Gods need to be able to recognize the appearance and soul of the individual

  19. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • The Egyptian Soul is comprised of 7 parts • Ren • Sekem • Akh • Ba • Ka • Sheut • Sekhu

  20. Old Kingdom-The Mummy Bob • Ren - A person’s name. Given at birth and lives as long as it is spoken • Why there was an importance in placing a name in a lot of writings Bob Bob Bob Bob Bob Bob Bob Bob Bob

  21. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • Sekem - Energy or Power of a person who has died

  22. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • Akh - combination of the Ba and Ka • Possibly a ghost

  23. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • Ba - Personality. Closest in comparison to the western idea of soul • Makes one unique • Lives on after the body dies

  24. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • Ka - the life force • Death occurs when the Ka leaves the body • Ka is maintained through food and drink • Food and drinks often brought to the dead or left with coffin

  25. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • Sheut - the shadow. Always present • Cannot exist without a person, a person cannot exist without a sheut

  26. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • Sekhu - The physical body.

  27. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • Process of mummification perfected in Old Kingdom

  28. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • Yearly flooding of the Nile makes mummification possible • Leaves behind pools of water • Water evaporates and leaves white crystals - natron • Natron absorbs moisture

  29. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • Original mummification process took 70 days 1. Abdomen slit open 2. Organs removed, but preserved 3. Brain pulled out with long hook through the nose

  30. Old Kingdom-The Mummy 4. Body cavity stuffed with sacks of natron 5. Entire body covered in natron - or soaked in solution 6. Body cavity washed out 7. Aromatic oils applied to body

  31. Old Kingdom-The Mummy 8. Body cavity stuffed with straw, grass, sawdust, or wads of linen 9. Body wrapped in wet bandages of linen

  32. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • During mummification, internal organs were kept safe and preserved in canopic jars • Heart remained in body • Believed this was where the Ka resided

  33. Old Kingdom-The Mummy • Canopic Jars - images of the 4 sons of Horus • Imset - (human) - contained the liver • Hapi - (baboon) - contained the lungs • Duamatef - (jackal) contained the stomach • Kebechsenef - (falcon) contained the intestines

  34. Old Kingdom • Sixth Dynasty - • No written records as to why Old Kingdom came to an end • Evidence of mass burials, war, famine, disease • Some skeletons found in awkward positions (woman covering child, man covering both) - obviously not buried

  35. First Intermediate Period • Dark times (few written records) • One possible theory: Dramatic reduction in rainfall, reduced the flooding of the Nile

  36. First Intermediate Period • Rival families created separate capitals • Herakleopolis Magna (Greek) - Lower Egypt • Thebes - Upper Egypt

  37. First Intermediate Period • Central authority had broken down because: • financial trouble • No strong political center • Rival claims to throne • Lack of artistic standardization

  38. Middle Kingdom • 2055 B.C.E.: Egypt was reunited by prince of Thebes. - Mentuhotep II • 11th and 12th Dynasties gained importance • God, Amun, stressed

  39. Middle Kingdom • Egypt expands boundaries • Referred to as Ancient Egypt’s “Classic Age” • High quality art, literature, language

  40. Middle Kingdom • 11th-14th Dynasties: Many military campaigns against Nubia during this time

  41. Second Intermediate Period • 1640 B.C.E.: Princes of the Asiatic peninsula (Palestine) take control in Lower Egypt • Took advantage of weakening political structure

  42. Second Intermediate Period • Known as the Hyksos • Semitic People (Israel, Palestine area) • Introduced the war-chariot • Split Egypt • South still ruled by Egyptians in Thebes

  43. Second Intermediate Period • 15th Dynasty - Ruled by Hyksos • 16th Dynasty - Ruled by Hyksos

  44. Second Intermediate Period • 17th Dynasty - • Rulers from Thebes used the war-chariot against the Hyksos • Defeated the Hyksos and reunited Egypt

  45. The New Kingdom • 1530 B.C.E.: Thebans reunite Egypt

  46. The New Kingdom • 18th Dynasty - • Warrior-pharaohs created the strongest empire in Egypt’s history • Empire stretched from Nubia to the Euphrates River

  47. The New Kingdom • Egypt becomes richest and most powerful country in the ancient world

  48. The New Kingdom • Much of the country’s wealth went into great building projects to honor gods and Pharaohs

  49. The New Kingdom • Kings/Pharaohs no longer buried in pyramids • All buried in The Valley of the Kings

  50. The New Kingdom • Valley of the Kings was created to protect the pharaohs from grave-robbers and defacing

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