Industrial Revolution, Sectionalism and Civil War

1. Industrial Revolution, Sectionalism and Civil War

2. Industrial Revolution • Factories in America • Samuel Slater was a skilled mechanic in a British textile mill. • In 1789, Slater boarded a ship bound for New York City and brought with him the knowledge of how to build mills and machinery but also how to operate them • In 1793, he built what became the first successful textile mill in the United States that was powered by water

3. Revolution… • Interchangeable parts • This became important to the gunsmiths of this time because they spent days building just one gun but with interchangeable parts and machinery they could build identical guns much faster • The War of 1812 provided a boost to American industry because the British Blockade cut them off from foreign goods. • What the British didn’t realize is that they were forcing the United States to become more technologically advanced.

4. Factories • The natural resources available to the people shaped their economic activities • The first factories were built in the Northeast because Pennsylvania had abundant forests and iron ore. • Lumbermen cut down large amounts forests to make charcoal and then used the charcoal for power in the factories to turn iron ore into machines, tools and guns • In New England textile factories were built alongside the hilly regions numerous fast moving streams. • These textile mills made products such as thread, yarn, fabric, and shoes

5. New Inventions • Cast Iron stove- Philo Stewart 1834 • Electric motor- Thomas Davenport 1834 • Sewing machine- Elias Howe 1846 • Iron plow- Jethro Wood 1825 • Heavy and had to pulled by oxen • Steel plow- John Deere • Light and could be pulled by a faster horse • Mechanical Reaper- Cyrus McCormick 1847 • Telegraph- Samuel Morse 1844

6. Abolitionism • In 1777 the new state of Vermont wrote its constitution and banned slavery • 3 Years later the Massachusetts constitution did the same and within the following years more northern states followed their example • In 1800 there was a population of 50,000 enslaved African Americans and not important to the economy so with a growing resentment towards slavery it gradually ended. • In 1804 all the states from Pennsylvania through New England had ended slavery • The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 had banned slavery in the Northwest Territory

7. Abolitionism… • In 1807 Congress voted to end the slave trade. • No more Africans could be enslaved and brought into the country • These efforts and ideas had very little effect on the South, with its nearly 1,000,000 slaves. • And actually with the start of plantation farms in the early 1800s there was little to no support to end slavery in the South

8. Frederick Douglas • Born into slavery in Maryland and learned to read • Escaped in 1838 and made his way to New England • Douglas started giving speeches across the United States(North) and England tell about the sorrows of slavery and the meaning of freedom • In 1847 he began writing and publishing an antislavery newspaper that he called “North Star”

9. Underground Railroad • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24rFE5nV1uo

10. Growing Tensions • Missouri Compromise • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ajn9g5Gsv98 • The Fight over slavery in Kansas and Nebraska

11. Missouri Compromise • Before 1819 there had been an equal number of slave and free states which balanced out Congress • In 1819 Missouri applied to join the US as a slave state • If Missouri joined it would mean a majority in the Senate for the South and the northerners did not want to lose equality • After many months of arguing Henry Clay suggested that the US should let Missouri join as a slave state and let Maine join as a free state • His plan, “Missouri Comprise,” kept the number of slave and free states equal

12. Missouri Compromise… • Under the other parts of the compromise Congress drew a lone extending the border of Missouri at latitude 36, 30 N • With this line it meant that slavery was permitted in the part of the Louisiana purchase south of that line • It was banned north of the line and the only exception being Missouri

13. Free-Soilers and the Election of 1848 • In 1848 antislavery members of both political parties met in Buffalo, New York • At that time they founded the Free-Soil Party with a main goal to keep slavery out of the western territories • Although they wanted to keep slavery out of the west, only a small amount were abolitionists and wanted to end slavery in the south completely • This lead into the election of 1848 where slavery became a major topic during the election campaigns • Even though the Free-Soil candidate did not win the election the party won 13 seats in Congress

14. Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Act • Compromise of 1850 had 5 main provisions • Allowed California to enter the Union as a free stat • It divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into the territories of New Mexico and Utah and the voters would decide on slavery or not • Ended slave trade officially in Washington, DC • Strict Fugitive slave law • Settled the border dispute between Texas and New Mexico • Fugitive Slave Act • The new law required all citizens to help catch African Americans trying to escape slavery • People who let fugitives escape could be fined $1,000 dollars and jailed • Special Courts

15. Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Published in 1852 and showed the evils of slavery and the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Act • The story becomes highly popular in the North and the southerners object to it • After the book no longer could the northerners ignore slavery as a political problem for Congress to settle • More and more northerners saw slavery as a moral problem facing every American and for this reason “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” is one of the most important books in American history

16. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Stated that the large piece of territory land would be split into 2 states and the people of those states would vote on having slavery or not • Northerners believed that this compromise broke the Compromise of 1850 declaring no slavery north of the Tennessee border • Border Ruffians • In 1855 Kansas held an election to choose lawmakers and hundreds of border ruffians crossed over and voted illegally

17. Rival Governments in Kansas • After the election of 1855 in Kansas where a proslavery legislature was elected the situation became hostile between the north and the south • Refusing to accept the laws made by the new proslavery government, antislavery settlers elected their own government and legislature

18. Fighting in Kansas • In 1856 a group of proslavery men including the town sheriff raided the town of Lawrence • Lawrence was known as an antislavery town • The attackers destroyed the Free State hotel, private homes and smashed the printing press of a Free-Soil newspaper • John Brown was an abolitionist who struck back at the proslavery settlers • John Brown and his 4 sons rode with a couple others to Pottawatomie Creek and killed 5 proslavery settlers • By the end of 1856 more than 200 people had been killed an the newspapers started calling the territory “Bleeding Kansas”

19. Violence continues • Before John Brown’s attack the conflict had started in the Senate • A abolitionist senator(Charles Sumner) gave a speech denounce the proslavery government of Kansas and personally singled out another southern senator(Andrew Butler) during his speech • Butler was not there that day so the next day his nephew Congressman Preston Brooks came into the Senate Chamber and beat Sumner until he was bloody and unconscious.

20. Dred Scott vs. Sandford • The Supreme Court ruled that Scott could not file a lawsuit because he was a slave, not a citizen • Also they wrote down that enslaved persons were considered to be property • They went beyond that and made a decision about slavery in the territories and said that Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any territory • This declaration meant that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and could/should be repealled

21. “Bleeding Kansas” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roNmeOOJCDY

22. Objectives for the Day • Questions to know- • Who were the first states to secede from the Union? • Who won the election of 1860? • How did the states take sides during the start of the war?

23. Start of Republican Party • A group of Free-Soilers, northern Democrats, and antislavery Whigs gathered in Michigan in 1854 • There they set up their new party • While some of the new Republican party hoped to completely abolish slavery throughout the country, the new party’s main goal was to stop the westward expansion of slavery

24. John Brown’s Raid • In 1859 Brown lead a raid on the town of Harper’s Ferry • There he raided a federal arsenal • In stealing these good he thought that enslaved African Americans would join him there and he had planned on leading an armed revolt • Instead no one showed up besides Robert E. Lee who killed 10 of the raiders and captured Brown • He was sentenced to death when the court found him guilty of murder and treason • “Battle Hymn of the Republic”

25. The Nation Splits • Crittenden Compromise • Was a last effort idea to save the Union • He would forever guarantee slaver south of the Mississippi Compromise line and prohibit it north of the line • Received little support because the southerners believed that an abolitionist was in the White House (Abe Lincoln) • They thought their only option was secession • December 20, 1860 • South Carolina becomes the first state to secede • February 1861 • Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas had also seceded

26. Nation Splits • At a convention in Alabama these 7 states formed a new nation, Confederate States of America • At this convention they elected Jefferson Davis, from Mississippi, President • States’ Rights to secede? • The southerners believed it was their right to leave based that the Union was comprised of sovereign state and each state had the authority to make decisions without interference from the federal government

27. Causes of the looming Civil War • 1. Sectionalism • 2. Disagreement over slavery • 3. Disagreement over states’ rights under the constitution • 4. Compromise of 1850 • 5. Fugitive Slave Act • 6. Dred Scott Findings • 7. Missouri Compromise • 8. Kansas-Nebraska Act • 9. John Brown • 10. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • 11. Violence in the Senate= Sumner vs. Butler

28. Outbreak of War • Attack on Fort Sumter • April 11, 1861 Confederate troops opened fire on the fort and demanded for the fort to surrender • Major Robert Anderson was the Union commander at the fort and would not surrender • After the Union troops ran out of ammunition it took them till April 13 to surrender the fort • The Civil War had officially began

29. Taking Sides • In April of 1861 eights slave states had yet to decide on whether to remain in the Union or not. • These eight state had more than half of the South’s population and food crops and many of the South’s factories • 4 states quickly joined the Confederacy • Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas • The other 4 states decided to stay in the Union • Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware

30. Thursday 11/15 • Due today at the end of the hour • Workbook pgs- 174,175,185,195,196,197 • Opening question- • Why was the north situated to last longer and have more supplies during the American Civil War?

31. South-Strengths • Believed that they were fighting a war for independence similar to the American Revolution • They were fighting a defensive war • “Our men must prevail in combat or they will lose their property, country, freedom-in short, everything” • They knew the countryside better • Had friendly civilians aiding them and often guiding them

32. South-Weaknesses • South was an agrarian economy(farming) • Their long growing season was conducive to growing cash crops rather than food crops • They had few factories to produce weapons and other vital supplies • Had few railroads to move troops and supplies • Ran between two points and did not connect to each other • Political problems as well; the Confederate government favored states rights and ha limited authority • Small Population • 1.1 Million people were free men of military age

33. Railroads in the South

34. North-Strengths • North had many people to grow food and to work in factories • The prairie that rolled from Ohio in the east to Iowa produced enomorous amounts of food • Strong industrial economy • Once the war started these factories started making guns, bullets, cannons, boots, uniforms, and other supplies for the Union Army • North had more than double the miles of railroad line • Used to transport troops and supplies • Strong navy and large fleet of trading ships • West Point • Best military academy in the world

35. North-Weaknesses • The North faced the major difficulty of trying to force the South to rejoin the Union • To do this Union soldiers had to conquer a huge area • They were invading unfamiliar land where their lines of supply would be long and open to attack • They were also fighting some of the greatest military minds in American that were fighting for the South and leading the military

36. Railroads in the North

38. Friday 11/16 • Opening question- • Why was the north better prepared for a long drawn out war better than the south? • Objective question- • How were the leadership roles of Lincoln and Davis similar and different? • Today’s Assignment- • Opening of the Civil War Map • Questions on back side of directions sheet in the packet

39. Jefferson Davis Leadership • The South’s people thought that Davis would be a stronger leader than Lincoln • He didn’t want the presidency because he wanted to be out on the battlefield • He had attended West Point • Served as an officer in the Mexican-American War • Secretary of War under the President Franklin Pierce • He did not like to share his war plans that made people upset • As a result, he spent much of his time worrying about small matters and arguing with advisors

40. Abraham Lincoln Leadership • People doubted him at first because he had little experience in national politics or military matters • He proved to be a patient and strong leader and a fine war planner • Lincoln gained the respect of those around him with his sense of humor and his ability to accept criticism

41. Robert E. Lee, Military Leader • When the war began, army officers in the South had to decide whether to stay in the Union army and fight against their home states or join the Confederate forces • Robert E. Lee was asked to command the Union army by Lincoln but decline because his home state of Virginia had succeeded • So he refused Lincoln offer and became the commander of the Confederate Army • Many of the United State’s best officers served in the Confederacy and as a result Lincoln had a tough time finding generals to match those of the South

42. Tuesday 11/20 • Review • Leaders of the North and South • Abe Lincoln • Jefferson Davis • Objective Question • Why were the first battles of the Civil War so important and who was part of the leadership of each battle? • Homework

43. The Battle of Bull Run • This was the first full on battle of the Civil War • 35,000 Union troops marched from the federal capital in Washington, D.C. to strike a Confederate force of 20,000 along a small river known as Bull Run. • After fighting on the defensive for most of the day, the rebels rallied and were able to break the Union right flank, sending the Federals into a chaotic retreat towards Washington. • The Confederate victory gave the South a surge of confidence and shocked many in the North, who realized the war would not be won as easily as they had hoped.

44. Battle of Bull Run • President Abraham Lincoln ordered Brigadier General Irvin McDowell to attack more than 20,000 Confederate troops under the command of General P.G.T. Beauregard • Despite their victory, Confederate troops were far too disorganized to press their advantage and pursue the retreating Union soldiers. • The First Battle of Bull Run cost some 3,000 Union casualties, compared with 1,750 for the Confederates. • After the Union loss, Abraham Lincoln replaced McDowell with General George McClellan as the leader of the now called “Army of the Potomac”

45. Battle of the Ironclads • The Battle of the Ironclads was fought near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay • The South had captured and rebuilt a Union warship, USS Merrimack, and renamed it the Virginia. • The North countered and built their own ironclad warship, the Monitor, after they watched as the Virginia had destroyed 5 Union wooden warships • The battle was halted as a stalemate because neither should could do any damage to the other boat. • The Confederate army had to sink their own boat 2 months later when the Union army captured Norfolk • As a result of this the Union navy built 50 more ironclads before the end of the war and continued with the blockade around all of the Confederate ports.

46. The Battle of Shiloh • Fought on April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. • A Union force known as the Army of the Tennessee (Major General Ulysses S. Grant) had moved deep into Tennessee and was camped on the west bank of the Tennessee River • Where the Confederate Army of Mississippi (General Albert Sidney Johnston, P. G. T. Beauregard second-in-command) launched a surprise attack on Grant's army from its base in Corinth, Mississippi. • The Battle of Shiloh was the bloodiest battle in American history until the Battle of Antietam in September, which was surpassed by the Battle of Chancellorsville the next year and soon after, by the three-day Battle of Gettysburg • The Battle allowed the Union troops access into Mississippi and along the Tennessee River

47. Battle of New Orleans • The capture of New Orleans (April 25 – May 1, 1862) • Having fought past Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the Union was unopposed in its capture of the city itself, which was spared the destruction suffered by many other Southern cities. • This capture of the largest Confederate city was a major turning point and an incident of international importance. • Flag Officer David G. Farragut commanded the Union fleet that broke through and captured the city

48. Battle of Antietam • Also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg was fought on September 17, 1862, between Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and Union General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and Antietam Creek.

49. Monday 11/27 • Review previous battles discussed last week • Bull Run • Ironclads • Shiloh • New Orleans • Guiding Question(s) • Why was the battle of Antietam an important part of the Civil War? • Did it changed the views of either side after the end of it? • Homework

50. Antietam • Also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg • Fought on September 17, 1862, between Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and Union General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac • It was the bloodiest day in United States history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing. • First battle of the Civil War fought on Union soil • McClellan's refusing to pursue Lee's army led to his removal from command by President Abraham Lincoln in November. • The Confederate troops had withdrawn first from the battlefield, and abandoned their invasion, making it a Union strategic victory. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxDAJlnnPXo