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Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building

Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building. Behavior of rocks to stress & strain. Elastic Elastic limit Plastic Brittle. Stress. Strain. FOLDS. Anticline vs. syncline Hinge line (axis) Limb Axial plane Plunging fold Structural dome Structural basin. FOLDS. Interpreting folds

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Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building

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  1. Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building

  2. Behavior of rocks to stress & strain • Elastic • Elastic limit • Plastic • Brittle Stress Strain

  3. FOLDS • Anticline vs. syncline • Hinge line (axis) • Limb • Axial plane • Plunging fold • Structural dome • Structural basin

  4. FOLDS • Interpreting folds • Open fold • Isoclinal fold • Overturned fold • Recumbent fold

  5. Faults • Fractures in rock • Normal Faults • Reverse fault • Thrust fault- low angle reverse fault • Strike-Slip fault • Left-lateral vs. right-lateral

  6. Introduction • Mountain • Major mountain belts • Mountain range

  7. Characteristics of Major Mountain Belts • Size and Alignment • Along continental margin • Long, arcuate chains • Ages of Mountain Belts and Continents • Youngest tend to be higher • Himalayas vs Appalachians • Craton- Oldest Continental Crust • Precambrian Shield

  8. Characteristics of Major Mountain Belts • Patterns of Flooding and Faulting • Fold and Thrust Belts • Crustal Shortening • Crustal Thickening • Metamorphism and Plutonism • Normal Faulting

  9. Rifting Subduction Volcanism Accretionary wedge Plutonism Orogeny Subduction Crustal Shortening & Thickening Collision Major Orogeny

  10. Evolution of a Mountain Belt • Accumulation Stage of Sediments • Accumulation in an Opening Ocean Basin • Accumulation along a Convergent Boundary • Graywackes • Magmatic Arc • Mountain Building Event- Orogeny

  11. Evolution of a Mountain Belt • The Uplift and Block-faulting Stage • Isostacy • Isostatic Adjustment • Normal Faulting • Fault-block Mountain Range

  12. The Growth of Continents • Crust added by accumulation & igneous activity • Suspect and Exotic Terranes • Suspect terrane • Accreted terrane • Exotic terrane

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