Developing Research Proposal Writing a Literature Review

1. Developing Research ProposalWriting a Literature Review

2. What is Review of Literature ? • The review of the literature is defined as a broad, comprehensive, in-depth, systematic, and critical review of scholarly publications, unpublished scholarly print materials, audiovisual materials, and personal communications, within specific time period.

3. Purposes of Literature Review Determines an appropriate research design/method (instruments, data collection and analysis methods) for answering the research question Determines the need for replication of a well designed study or refinement of a study Determines and discovers unanswered questions what is known about a subject, concept or problem Determines gaps, consistencies & inconsistencies about a subject, concept or problem Describes strengths & weaknesses of designs, methods of inquiry and instruments used in earlier works

4. Working with Literature Find it! Manage it! Use it! Review it! Knowing the literature types Reading efficiently Choosing your research topic Understanding the lit review’s purpose Using available resources Keeping track of references Developing your question Ensuring adequate coverage Honing your search skills Writing relevant annotations Arguing your rationale Writing purposefully Informing your work with theory Working on style and tone Designing method Working with Literature

5. Working with Literature Journal articles of original research Theses & dissertation. Conference abstract &proceeding Primary source: is written by a person(s) who developed the theory or conducted the research Secondary source: is written by a person(s) other than the individual who developed the theory or conducted the research Journal articles Book or chapter on book

6. Sources of Literature Journalarticles: These are good sources, especially for up-to-date information. They are frequently used in literature reviews because they offer a relatively concise, up-to-date format for research. Conference proceedings: these can be useful in providing the latest research, or research that has not been published. Theses and dissertations: these can be useful sources of information. However there are disadvantages. they can be difficult to obtain since they are not published, but are generally only available from the library or interlibrary system

7. Sources of Literature Books:  remember that books tend to be less up-to-date, as it takes longer for a book to be published than for a journal article. Government/corporate reports: Many government departments and corporations commission carry out research. Their published findings can provide a useful source of information, depending on your field of study. Internet: Fastest-growing source of information. Bear in mind that anyone can post information on the Internet so the quality may not be reliable

8. Some Common Rehabilitation Data Base • Cochrane reviews at www.cochrane.org/reviews • TRIP database (Turning Research into Practice) at www.tripdatabase.com. • PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence resource) at www.pedro.fhs.usyd.edu.au/index. • Current clinical trials at www.clinicaltrials.gov. • Medline/PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi) • Medline Plus(www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html), • Ovid (www.ovid.com), which provides a searchable database of medical, scientific, and academic research information. • CINAHL (www.cinahl.com), which is commonly available at college campuses • Eric :Educational Resources Information Center • Web of sciences

9. What is a “Literature Review”? Literature Review Good Review Synthase of available research Critical evaluation Appropriate breadth and depth Clarity and consensus Uses rigorous and consistent methods Poor review An annotated bibliography Confined to description Narrow and shallow Confusing & longwinded Constructed in an arbitrary way

10. Guideline for Writing a Literature Review • Introduce the literature review by pointing out the major research topic that will be discussed • Point out overall trends in what has been published about the topic or conflicts in theory and methodology, evidence, and conclusions; or gaps in research • Establish the reason (s) (point of view) for reviewing the literature; explain the criteria to be used in analyzing and comparing literature • Conclude by providing some insight into the relationship between the central topic of the literature review and a larger area of study (rationale) • It is important to cover research relevant to all the variables being studied. • Research that explains the relationship between these variables is a top priority.

11. Guideline for Writing a Literature Review • Don’t attempt to cover everything written on your topic • All sources cited in the literature review should be listed in the references • To sum, a literature review should include introduction, summary and critique of journal articles, justifications for your research project and the hypothesis for your research project

12. Organization of Literature Review A general organization looks like a funnel • Chronological order- time order : form first to last or last to first • Comparison: • Comparison emphasizing similarities • Comparison emphasizing differences • Importance • From least to most important • From most to least important • Generality • From general to specific • Form specific to general • Methodological • Focuses on the methods of the researcher, e.g., qualitative versus quantitative approaches • Spatial arrangement: physical location of parts

13. Common Errors Made in Lit Reviews • Review isn’t logically organized • Review isn’t focused on most important facets of the study • Review doesn’t relate literature to the study • Too few references or outdated references cited • Review isn’t written in author’s own words • Review reads like a series of disjointed summaries • Review doesn’t argue a point • Recent references are omitted

14. Writing the Literature Review Plagiarism includes (Galvan, pg. 89): • Using another writer’s words without proper citation • Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation • Citing a source but reproducing the exact word without quotation marks • Borrowing the structure of another author’s phrases/sentences without giving the source • Borrowing all or part of another student’s paper • Using paper-writing service or having a friend write the paper

15. What is Review of Literature ?

16. What is Review of Literature ? A systematic review is defined as “a review of the evidence on a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise relevant primary research, and to extract and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review.” Statistical methods (meta-analysis) may or may not be used to analyze and summarize the results of the included studies

17. Narrative vs systematic review

18. Narrative vs systematic review Narrative • Many questions • No search methods • No inclusion criteria • No combining studies • Prone to random and systematic error • Provide conflicting summaries Systematic • One question • Explicit search • Reproducible • Explicit inclusion criteria • Combine study results(meta-analysis) WHY do we need Systematic Reviews?