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E = mc 2 Opening Windows on the World

E = mc 2 Opening Windows on the World. Young-Kee Kim The University of Chicago Aspen Physics Lecture August 17, 2005. What is the world made of? What holds the world together? Where did we come from?. We need large tools to see small things!. Accelerators are Tools.

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E = mc 2 Opening Windows on the World

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  1. E = mc2 Opening Windows on the World Young-Kee Kim The University of Chicago Aspen Physics Lecture August 17, 2005

  2. What is the world made of? What holds the world together? Where did we come from?

  3. We need large tools to see small things!

  4. Accelerators are Tools. KEKb, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan PEP-II, SLAC, Palo Alto, USA Tevatron,, Fermilab, Chicago, USA HERA, DESY, Hamburg, Germany

  5. What is the world made of? my cat Nah-Bee

  6. 100 mm Seeing it at 100 times smaller scale

  7. pollen 1 mm Another 100 times smaller

  8. Optical Microscope using beam of light bacteria 0.01 mm Another 100 times smaller

  9. Needed to change technology. Electron Microscope using beam of particles (small accelerator) virus 0.0001 mm Another 100 times smaller

  10. X Ray machine Needed to change technology again. using beam of x-rays Atoms in DNA 0.000001 mm

  11. What are atoms made of? 1905 model

  12. He expected:  particle Rutherford’s Experiment in 1909

  13. Led to new model of atom size: Nucleus Fly Atom Cathedral ‘like a fly in a cathedral’ =  particle nucleus electron Rutherford’s Experiment in 1909 He found:  particle

  14. made of a smaller thing or smaller things? different nuclei = different quantities of ‘same’ small things Once glimpsed the fly in the cathedral, ached to know more, to catch it, examine it, dissect it! What is nucleus made of? e e e e e e a single fundamental particle? - many of them!

  15. Today Tevatron at Fermilab, Chicago million times more energy Needed to change technology once again. 1929 Ernest Lawrence (1901 - 1958)

  16. Accelerators are Powerful Microscopes. because they make higher energy particle beam that allows us to see smaller things. seen by high energy beam (better resolution) seen by low energy beam (poorer resolution)

  17. ~60 years ago ~40 years ago Present atom electron nucleus proton neutron up quark down quark of human hair thickness 1 100,000 1 10 1 100,000 1 10,000 ~90 years ago

  18. Everything is made of electrons, up quarks and down quarks. Who would have thought it was so simple?

  19. Are electrons, up and down quarks the smallest things? Are they made of even smaller things?

  20. Accelerators are also Time Machines because they make particles last seen in the earliest moments of the universe. anti-particle particle beam target Every “particle” has “anti-particle” partner. Same mass but opposite charge. (Positron, anti-particle of electron, is used in PET Scan.)

  21. Energy anti-particle beam energy anti-particle beam energy particle beam energy particle beam energy top top Particle and anti-particle annihilate. Accelerators are also Time Machines because they make particles last seen in the earliest moments of the universe. E = mc2Energy = Mass x (speed of light)2

  22. The smallest things in the world. Everything there is! ?? top quark ne nm nt e m t  u d s c b . . . Z W photons gluons Mass proportional to area shown but all sizes still < 10-19 m “Why are there so many?” “Where does mass come from?”

  23. There might be something (new particle?!) in the universe that gives mass to particles x x x x x x x x x x x x x Higgs Particles e W t

  24. World’s Most Powerful Accelerator: Fermilab’s “Tevatron” 4 miles

  25. 2 million collisions per second top W one out of one million one out of ten billion Challenges: trillions of particles in beams ~ speed of light thickness of human hair

  26. One million signals for each collision!

  27. One detector with 30,000 high-voltage wires thickness of human hair

  28. u d b top p top p e b n

  29. What does it take to make a discovery? New Silicon Detector used for Discovery of Top Quark New materials: Silicon Advanced electronics For any discovery, we have to keep pushing technology, not just in the directions we’ve already gone, but with imagination to create innovative tools.

  30. Human hair Challenging environment requires broad knowledge in physics, material science, and chemistry.

  31. Discovery is Exciting!! TOP QUARK DISCOVERY in 1994 - 1995 Adding something to the core of human knowledge is profoundly satisfying.

  32. Remember Higgs Particle? E W p p Measured their masses accurately. Estimated mass of Higgs particle. Made W and top: top Now go and FIND it!

  33. Particles Tell Stories! Particles are messengers telling a profound story about nature and laws of nature in microscopic world. The role of physicists is to listen the story and translate it into the language of human knowledge. What story will the Higgs tell us?! We can’t wait to find out.

  34. What forces hold the world together?

  35. Gravitational Force Electromagnetic Force Issac Newton (1642 - 1727) James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879)

  36. radioactive decays Weak Force Enrico Fermi (1901 - 1954) neutron decay holding proton, nucleus gluons Strong Force

  37. Physicists (even including Einstein) think that with very high energy beams forces start to behave the same as if there is just one force, not several forces. “Do all the forces become one?”

  38. How did we get here? Where are we going? Understanding our Universe!

  39. From Annie Hall by Woody Alan

  40. Hey Alvi, not only is the universe expanding, it is accelerating!! Where does energy come from? Dark Energy (Annie Hall 2?)

  41. particles making accelerators Fermilab’s Tevatroncreates particles that existed in the universe only ~0.001 nano second after Big Bang. 100 million x Sun Temperature particles anti-particles “Where did all anti-matter go?”

  42. Everything that we can see Everything is made of electrons, up quarks and down quarks. Need much more (x4) mass than what we see - Dark Matter What is it?

  43. Searching for Dark Matter at Tevatron e- X e+ p p m+ n

  44. Answers themselves lead to more questions: Are quarks and electrons the smallest things? Do all forces become one? Where does mass come from? Why are there so many smallest things? What is Dark Energy? Where did all anti-matter go? Dark Matter - what is it? . . .

  45. more powerful accelerators to answer

  46. When the Tevatron was providing very first collisions, physicists were planning the next energy frontier accelerator. Here we are in 15-20 years later. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be complete in a few years. ~18 miles CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

  47. Tevatron will be winding down by end of this decade after glorious history and further observations yet to come. Large Hadron Collider will begin exploration where Tevatron leaves off. off. LHC will open a new window!

  48. Once again, physicists are preparing the next energy frontier accelerator. January 2005 Workshop in KEK, Japan The LHC is about to begin….

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