Calibob

1. CiroBigongiari Calibob

2. Schematic View Optical Module Sea water Optical Beacon Photon Path Ciro Bigongiari

3. History • Calibob was derived from KM3 code • It was written in f90 language • It was recoded in f77 transforming all structures in common blocks (No need of f90 compiler) • On the assumption that the simulated light sources are nearly monochromatic all the dependencies on the wavelength were removed • La, Ls, β(θ) and n didn’t depend on λ • Recently reintroduced the dependence on λof La, Ls and n trying to improve the Data-MC agreement Ciro Bigongiari

4. LED Spectrum From AVAGO CB30 Datasheet Peak wavelength 470 nm Sigma 15nm Slightly asymmetric Values confirmed by measurements in Valencia lab ANTARES LED Ciro Bigongiari

5. Code structure (I) • Three step package: GEN, HIT, CAL • GEN • Simulates photon emission and photon propagation through sea water up to a maximum distance (350 m) • No absorption simulated at this stage • Photon position, direction, transit time and wavelength on 34 spherical shells (10 m step) centred on the light source are recorded • Some more histograms and ntuples saved for debugging purposes Ciro Bigongiari

6. Code structure (II) • Three step package: GEN, HIT, CAL • HIT • Simulates absorption by weighting photons • Weight = exp(-PhotonPath/AbsorptionLength) • Simulates photon detection by an optical module at different position/direction w.r.t. to the optical beacon • Stores detection probability tables • CAL • Reads in detector geometry • Loops over OB flashes and optical modules • Stores hits in ASCII format Ciro Bigongiari

7. Optical Beacons • Light emission from point-like light sources • Angular distribution of emitted photons • Uniform • Cleaved LED • Laser + Glass Rod • Time distribution of emitted photons • Gaussian • LED pulse • Wavelength distribution of emitted photons • Gaussian • LED spectrum Ciro Bigongiari

8. Optical Modules • Photon detection by optical modules is simulated exactly in the same way as in KM3 • Angular acceptance • Glass transmission • Gel transmission • Photo-conversion efficiency Ciro Bigongiari

9. Sea Water (I) • Absorption: • Absorption is simulated by weighting photons • The absorption length is calculated rescaling the Smith&Bakerparameterization WARNING: in this way LA can be larger than SmithBaker(λ) which should be an upper limit (pure water). Ciro Bigongiari

10. Absorption length λRef = 470 nmLRef = 60 m Ciro Bigongiari

11. Sea Water (II) • Scattering: • The scattering length is calculated rescaling the Kopelevichparametrization with Vs = Vl = 0.1 The values of VSand VLpresently used are different from the ones used in KM3 which are outside the allowed region (Mobley ) Ciro Bigongiari

12. Scattering Length Ciro Bigongiari

13. Sea Water (III) • Refraction Index: • The refraction index is a function of photon wavelength and water temperature, pressure and salinity. We fixed • T = 13.1 ºC P = 220 bar S = 38.44 %0 A = 1.3201 B = 16.2561 C = -4382.0 D = 1.1455e6 Ciro Bigongiari

14. Refraction Index Ciro Bigongiari

15. Sea Water (IV) • Volume Scattering Function: • β = β(θ,λ) is a function of scattering angle and photon wavelength • The dependence on λhas not be considered so far β = β(θ) • Usually we use the so-called PARTIC model WARNING: Petzold’s measurements were performed at 514 nm Ciro Bigongiari

16. Scattering Angle η = 0.17  <cos(θ)> = 0.767 Ciro Bigongiari

17. Volume Scattering Function V.Haltrin Appl.Opt.38(33)-1999 Ciro Bigongiari

18. Comparison Old New Ciro Bigongiari

19. Summary & Outlook • Reintroduced absorption length, scattering length and refraction index dependence on wavelength • No big improvement found. To be investigated further • Dependence of volume scattering function still to be implemented. • Continue comparison with KM3 Ciro Bigongiari

20. Water Models • There are some recently developed water models with a reasonably low number of parameters. For example • Kopelevich’s • Haltrin’s • Morel’s • Zege – Katsev – Prikcach • Should we try a more recent water model ? • Can they be used for very deep waters ? Ciro Bigongiari

21. Smith&Baker ? ………………………… In the visible part of the spectrum, recent studies from Sogandares and Fry (1997) and Pope and Fry (1997), based on different measuring techniques, provided very precise measurements of pure water absorption from 380 to 700 nm. The results obtained by these authors emphasized that Smith and Baker (1981) formulation strongly overestimated the actual aw(λ) in particularly below 490 nm. At 380 nm Pope and Fry (1997) values are about 2 times lower. Such differences between Smith and Baker (1981) and Pope and Fry (1997) formulations have been attributed to biases in the former measurements induced by organic impurities absorption and scattering effects. Moreover, Pope and Fry (1997) confirmed the existence of seventh and eighth harmonics of the OH stretch at 449 and 401 nm and the presence of the absorption minimum at 420 nm as previously observed by Sogandares and Fry (1997). The data by Pope and Fry (1997) are currently considered as the reference value and are widely used in bio-optical modeling and remote sensing applications in the visible……… (Vantrepotte&Mélin2006). Ciro Bigongiari