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Computer Systems Architecture

Computer Systems Architecture. D. Nikolik, Ph.D Maastricht School of Management Maastricht, The Netherlands. Summary. The Outline The Need for Frameworks and Models Work System Framework & Principles Relation between Information Systems and Work Systems

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Computer Systems Architecture

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  1. Computer Systems Architecture D. Nikolik, Ph.D Maastricht School of Management Maastricht, The Netherlands

  2. Summary The Outline The Need for Frameworks and Models Work System Framework & Principles Relation between Information Systems and Work Systems Principle-based System Analysis Method: The Work System Framework Need for a Balanced View of a System Principle-Based System Analysis Method Computer Systems Overview A Computer: A Complex System Basic Functions Systems Performance Overview of Computer Systems Looking Inside the Black Box or how computers manipulate data Data Input: Capturing Data Storing and Retrieving Data Data Output: Displaying Data Studying Approaches Top-down decomposing vs. Bottom-up building-up Modular Development

  3. Summary (cont.) Brief History Later Generations: Microprocessors (Intel) Client Architecture Server Architectures Computer Interconnection Structures Internal and External Memory Input / Output Direct Memory Access (DMA) Software, Programming, and AI Programming Viewed as a Business Process Four Generations of Programming Languages Other Major Developments in Programming Operating Systems Steps Toward “Intelligent” Computers Operating Systems Architecture CPU Structure & Function Control Unit Operation Parallel Organizations Fault - Tolerance Systems Reduced Instruction Set Computers RISC Pipelining (Graph Colouring)

  4. The Outline Frameworks and Models An Overview: Introduction; A Brief History Computer Structure Decisions Computer Memory Hierarchy Input/Output Performance Operating Systems - Resource Sharing CPU Architectural Constraints CPU Performance Issues Efficiency, Reliability and Fault-tolerance New Computer Architecture Trends - RISC

  5. The Need for Frameworks and Models Viewing Businesses as Systems Information Systems and Work Systems Framework for Thinking About Any System in Business Five Perspectives for Viewing a Work System Analyzing an IT-Enabled System from a Business Professional's Viewpoint

  6. Work System Framework & Principles Businesses as Systems consisting of Business Processes: core & support, info/management within its own Added Value Chain or as part of a broader Supply Chain: up/down-stream. Types of Business Processes and its Functional Areas of Business: management,product development, sales & marketing, production,accounting, finance & investment, logistics & delivery

  7. Relation between Information Systems and Work Systems Which "System" Are We Talking About? Increasing Overlap Between Information Systems and Business-based Work Systems

  8. Principle-based System Analysis MethodThe Work System Framework Customers Product Business Process Participants Information Technology Source: S. Alter, MIS, The foundation of e-Business, AWL, 2002

  9. Need for a Balanced View of a System Business Results Focus: How well the System Operates People & Organization; Organizational, Competitive, and Regulatory Environment Surrounding the System Technology & Information Focus: System Components & How do they Operate Together Infrastructure: Essential Resources Shared with Other Systems Risks: Foreseeable Things that Can usually Go Wrong

  10. Principle-Based System Analysis Method The General Idea of Systems Analysis System’s Thinking: system analysis steps Organizing the Analysis around Work System Principles Defining Problems and Computer - based Work Systems Applying PBSA to Work Systems, IS, and Projects Limitations and Pitfalls Measuring Work System Performance Classification Related to the Elements of a Work System

  11. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 1Introduction

  12. Computer Systems Overview Basic Model of a Computer System: Computer Architecture Computer Organisation Architecture vs. Organisation Dilemmaex.: Multiplication oper. vs. Fmult. unit Implementation technology: IBM AS/400 IBM System/370 vs. IBM Station/9370

  13. A Computer: A Complex System A hierarchic system: is a set of interrelated subsystems each of the latter in turn, hierarchic in structure until lowest level of elementary subsystem. The hierarchic nature of complex systemsis essential to both their design and to their descriptions. The behavior at a level depends only on a simplified, abstract characterization of the system at the level next, beneath. At each level the designer is concerned with:a level functionality appropriate to its structure.

  14. Basic Functions Data storage, Data processing, Data movement, Control System Operations

  15. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition Chapter 2Computer Evolution and Performance

  16. Systems Performance Performance Variables for IT Bits and Bytes: Technical Terms for Describing and Measuring Technology Operation Technology Performance from a Business Viewpoint Overview of Computer Systems Looking Inside the Black Box Data Input: Capturing Data Storing and Retrieving Data Data Output: Displaying Data

  17. Overview of Computer Systems Basic Model of a Computer System Types of Computers: Hosts and C/S Four Approaches to Computing:Centralized, Personal, Distributed, Network Computer System Architectures Client-Server (C/S) and Beyond Thin vs. Fat Clients and Servers

  18. Looking Inside the Black Box orhow computers manipulate data Coding Data for Computer Processing: programming Machine Languages: assembling, compiling, debugging Programming Languages & Systems Development Approaches for Increasing Computer Performance: modular, broader/wider, faster, in parallel, code/data Impact of Miniaturization & Integration on Performance Other Approaches for Improving Performance

  19. Data Input: Capturing Data Keyboards and Pointing Devices Optical Character Recognition Capturing Pictures, Sounds, and Video New Digital Devices (wireless WAP & JINI standards)

  20. Storing and Retrieving Data Paper and Micrographics Magnetic Tapes and Disks (RAID) Lossy vs. Lossless Compression Optical Disks Flash Memory Smart Cards

  21. Data Output: Displaying Data Screen Outputs Paper Outputs Audio Outputs Intelligent Reasoning: Neural Networks Fuzzy Logic Case-Based Reasoning Intelligent Mobile Agents

  22. Studying Approaches Top-down decomposing vs. Bottom-up building-up Hierarchical computer structure The CPUs CPU Interconnection Structures System Components

  23. Modular Development Brief history; Interconnection structures - data and control signals exchange; Internal & External Memories - memory hierarchy; Input-Output - programmed and interrupt I/O, DMA; Operating System - resource management and scheduling; CPU Structure and Function - executing machine instructions; Control Unit Operations - micro-operations and control; Parallel Organization - sequential vs. parallel machine; RISC Architecture - a new trend in CPU architecture; Parallel PC NUMA Networks - the Beowulf Project.

  24. Brief History The Structure of Babbage's Analytical Engine: the layout John Atanasoff, Clifford Berry: ABC, 1939; John Mauchly & John Eckert:ENIAC, 1946, First GP Comp., IAS - Prototype of Subsequent General Purpose Computers Structure First Commercial Computers: IBM System/360; DEC PDP-8 The Second Generation: Transistors The Third Generation : Integrated Circuits Micro Electronics: a New Technology in Electronics

  25. Later Generations: Microprocessors (Intel) Contemporary computers Characteristics of some contemporary computers Personal Computer (WinIntel): Component-based bus architectures Minicomputer Mainframes Super computers Cray Y-MP IBM 3090/600 VAX 8842 IBM AS/400 IBM PS/50

  26. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 3 System Buses

  27. Cache MMXs Video Audio DRAMs Bus Graphics LAN Bridge SCSI Exp. Bus I/Os Client Architecture

  28. CPU MEM CPU MEM Systembus CPU CPU MEM MEM CPU CPU CPU CPU MEM MEM MEM MEM CPU CPU MEM MEM CPU CPU MEM MEM Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) Symmetrical Multi-Processing (SMP) Server Architectures MEM MEM CPU CPU I/O Bus Non Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) SMP SHV clusters Scalable InterConnect Systembus

  29. Computer Interconnection Structures Computer components Programming in Hardware Programming in Software Interrupt cycle I/O function Interconnection structures Bus interconnection Elements of the Bus design

  30. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 4 Cache Memory

  31. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 5 Internal Memory

  32. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 6 External Memory

  33. Internal & External Memory Computer Memory System Overview Memory Hierarchy Organisation Error Correction (ECC) Cache Memory Magnetic Disk Characteristics of Disk Systems: direct-access device DAD Magnetic Tape: sequential access device - Archive memory Optical memory: compact drives - CD memory

  34. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 7 Input/Output

  35. Input / Output External Devices Visual Display Units (VDU) Disk Drive I/O Modules Programmed I/O Interrupt-driven I/O

  36. Direct Memory Access (DMA) I/O Channels and Processors

  37. Software, Programming, and AI Thinking about the Current Limits of Software Types of Software Programming Viewed as a Business Process Four Generations of Programming Languages Other Major Developments in Programming Object-Oriented Component-Based Development Operating Systems (Windows vs.Unix/Linux) Steps Toward Programming Intelligence into Machines

  38. Programming Viewed as a Business Process Programming as a Translation Process Organizing Ideas: Modelling vs. Workflow of Thought, Creating, Developing, Testing & Deploying Programs The Changing Nature of Programming & Data Structures The Trend Toward Object-Oriented Programming - OOP: State of Objects, Class Instances, Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism

  39. Four Generations of Programming Languages Machine Languages Assembly Languages Higher-Generation Languages 4GL & Scripting Languages

  40. Other Major Developments in Programming Special-Purpose Languages Spreadsheets & Macro Routines Structural vs. OO Programming Computer Aided Software Engineering: CASE Tools Component-Based Software Development: CBD Tools

  41. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 8 Operating System Support

  42. Operating Systems Operating Systems for Personal & Mobile Computers: Windows CE vs. Symbian OS Operating Systems for Multi-User Computer Systems: 8/16 bit vs. 32/64 bit OS Architectures MS DOS/Windows 3.1/95/98/NT/2000/XP vs. Unix/Linux Why Operating Systems Are Important?

  43. Steps Toward “Intelligent” Computers Natural Language Processing (NLP) Expert Systems (ES) Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Fuzzy Logic Case-Based Reasoning Intelligent Agents (IA)

  44. Operating Systems Architecture High-level Job Scheduling Short-term Job Scheduling – a Dispatcher Memory Management Virtual Memory Concept State Management, Threads

  45. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 9 Computer Arithmetic

  46. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 10 Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions

  47. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 11 Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats

  48. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 12 CPU Structure and Function

  49. CPU Structure & Function Inside the CPU: Cycles Instruction’s Fetch Indirect Cycle Interrupt Cycle Processing Execution CPU Data Flow

  50. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 14 Instruction Level Parallelism and Superscalar Processors

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