CHAPTER 13 Making Democracies Work CHAPTER 14 Promoting Democracy Effectively

2. CHAPTER 13Making Democracies WorkCHAPTER 14 Promoting Democracy Effectively

3. Can countries that just went through democratization remain democracies and up to a level that their people think as worth having?

4. Reasons for poor democratic performance: • Poor governance • Predatory state • Lack of civic culture

5. Overcoming a predatory state • Horizontal relations of trust and cooperation - civil society

6. 2) Effective institutions • Rule of law • Freedom of information • Anti-corruption bodies • Ombudsman’s office • Public audits • Parliament oversight committees • Independent judicial system • Economic regulatory institutions • Electoral commission

7. 3) Institutions linking people to the political process

8. 4) Economic reforms

9. Promoting Democracy Effectively • International efforts • NEDs • counterpart organizations

10. For democracy efforts to work - local ownership - aid to institutions promoting democracy - realistic expectations - scale

11. Conditioning development assistance • USAID’s report in 2002, “Foreign aid in the National Interest”

12. Liberation technology - internet, social media - overcome censorship - mobilize and civic actions

13. CH15 Physician, Heal Thyself Meng-Hsin Chen INTL 190

14. How Americans think of politics in America? Low levels of confidence in the leaders of both parties Anger at the disproportionate power Impatience with the polarization of political life Powerless to change things Citizen has no voice and is unpresented

15. Problems Political corruption Influence peddling Abuse of liberties Decline of constitutionalism Polarization of partisan politics

16. Corruptions Public corruption crimes “The fact is that the struggle against corruption is global, and no country or culture has a special purchase on morality” – page.350

17. Earmark Also called “pork-barrel” – funds that use to spend for particular projects Between 1998 and 2005, spending on federal lobbying increased by 60%, $2.28 billion

18. Reduce the purchase influence • Greater transparency • Grassroots • Stealth • Watchdog group

19. Enhancing participation Voter turnout rate is significantly low the idea of mandatory voting Interest in politics

20. Bridging the Partisan Divide • Declining incidence of “bipartisan” • “vanishing marginals” • Partisan polarization • Move from “closed” to “partially open”

21. Changing the system • Proportional representation (PR) • Alternative vote (AV) • Also know as the “instant run-off”

22. Size of the House of Representatives “the size of the lower house of Congress has been fixed at 435 members, but the population of the United State has more than tripled.” “this may be one reason – underappreciated in most commentaries – why people more and more feel disconnected from government.”

23. Towards a better democracy Education and mobilization of the citizens themselves “ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country”

24. Chapter 2: Transitions and Continuities Rosalina Saenz

25. Transitions in Latin America Transitions- In the 1980s and 1990s Establishment and consolidation of democratic Regimes Outcome of transitions

26. Types of Authoritarian Regime • Personalist dictatorships • Tend to be more conflict prone, leaders are usually from military ranks • Sultanism • Institutional authoritarian regime • Power belonging to committees, bureaucracies or institutions • Military Junta • Bureaucratic authoritarian regime

27. Are development and democracy linked? • Does democracy require socio-economic development? • Modernization Theory • Hypothesis • Socioeconomic development is a necessary precondition for democracy • Development is necessary for the consolidation of democracy • “Over time, the association between economic development and political democracy lost its empirical force”

28. The impact of social classes • Political transitions result from pressures of societal demands • Cycle- 1900-1930 • Democratization after independence was controlled by the elite • Ex. Argentina • Cycle- 1940-1977 • Largely affected by the middle class • Countries reached democracy during this time period • Authoritarian regimes seized power once more • Mexico an exception

29. The impact of social classes • Cycle- 1978-2000 • Working class more involved • Protests, strikes • Middle class felt excluded from the decision process=electoral reform • Challenging authoritarian regime • Transition via ruptura • Transition via reforma • Strategies of liberalization by authoritarian regime • “bargaining games”

30. Conclusions Outcomes of transitions All transitions do not lead to democracy

31. Chapter 3 The Military Heading for the Exits?

32. Forging Fatherlands • “According to military folklore in Latin America, the armed forces are not merely apart of the nation—they created the nation” -pg. 74 • Militaries provided: resistance to intermittent European intrusions, fought wars against other Latin American countries and combated in civil wars that broke out. • European influence separated the military further from civil society • Ex: Chile invited Germany and Peru and Brazil invited France for military missions • “All these developments combined to strengthen belief in an unwavering commitment to defense of the fatherland—La Partia—as the grand historical mission of the Latin American militaries” –pg. 75 • Questions: • Was this Ideology a convenient justification for their actions? • What drives the military into politics? (Box 3.1)

33. Patterns of Participation • Analyzes the militaries central roles in Latin American politics by presenting data on golpes de estado and successful coups from 1900-2000 (Fig. 3.1) . • Three Key Periods: • Crisis of Oligarchy (1910-19) • The era of the Great Depression (golpes) • The 1960s and 1970s (coups) • Military regimes vs. Dictatorships – Four critical variables (Smith): • Whether the power structure within the regime is personalistic or collegial • Whether the military as and institution takes part in governmental decision making • Whether the regime has a distinct ideological orientation, and if so, what it is • The societal base of civilian support for military rule.

34. Patterns of Participation • •During the 1960s & 1970s, institutional regimes came into the forefront, which had long-term commitments to ideological programs. • Reformist/Inclusionary regimes:Create a popular base of support for military rule by mobilizing new sets of political actors around reformist programs (targeted: lower middle class and lower urban and rural class) • Reactionary/Exclusionary regimes: Central goal is the demobilization. Popular groups become opposition to military rule rather than support. (targeted: middle and upper class support) • “In all cases the ideological commitment embraced a series of tenets—anticommunism, economic liberalism, insistence on morality, devotion to la patria, and belief in the inherent virtues of law and order.” –pg.83 • “A common feature of all military regimes is their declaration that at some future point, elections will take place and democracy will take root” –pg. 84

35. Wars Against Subversion • The Cold War’s affects on Latin America came as a pressing matter after Cuba’s successful revolution in 1959 due to its proximity to the region. • Castro made serious efforts to destabilize Venezuala • The 1960s had an explosion of over 30 guerilla movements throughout Latin America. • “Military authorities throughout the region concurred that this would be a long-term struggle. If and when they seized power, they would establish military regimes for sufficient periods of time to cleanse society, purge politics and economic development” –pg. 86

36. The Democrats’ Dilemma: To Amnesty or not? • A critical challenge for the new democracies of the 1980s and 1990s has been establishing authority over the military. • Stephan Alfred argued, the struggles of this challenge take place in two dimensions: • 1. Concerns of “contestation” over military-related policy, such as the definition of the military mission and the size of the military • budget. • 2. Concerns of military “prerogatives” internal to the military, such as promotions, doctrines, deployments, and strategies. • Bargaining between civilian and military leaders can result in significant tradeoffs – e.g. Argentina and Chile

37. Modes Of Interaction: The Armed Forces and Democracy • Question: Whether the most recent cycle of democratization in Latin America has assured civilian control over the armed forces? • Does not meet criteria for democracy of full civilian control over the military and their subordination to civil institutions. • Military does not hold the power they once did of plausible coups, due to the end of the Cold War and the end to the war on subversion. • Continued to have influence, seeking to keep prerogatives and in some cases through contestation. • Civil-military relations of this kind lead to four different patterns in the 1980s and 1990s (Smith): • Military Control • Military Tutelage • Conditional military subordination • Civilian Control

38. Has the Military Left? • Questions: • Are armed forces really retreating from the political arena? • Are they likely to return? • Why have they tolerated the rise of civilian authority? • Factors to consider (Smith): • Relative absence of major threats to national security • End of plausible threat of subversion (end of Cold War) • La Patria is safe • Economic elites, closely allied to armed forces in the Southern Cone, face little immediate danger • From a military standpoint, armed forces have accomplished their mission. (Done its job well) • Military not exile, but honing their capabilities and enhancing their readiness • Conclusion (Smith): “No doubt about the survival of armed forces in Latin America” –pg. 106

39. Chapter 4: Global Contexts, International Forces Vishal Natarajan

40. Main Themes • The Role of the US in promoting democracy in Latin America. What are US motives? • The impact of multilateral organizations on democratization. • Democracy promotion vs. doctrine of national sovereignity.

41. Imperialism and Democracy • The Legacy of Imperialism • “We are friends of constitutional government in America….I am going to teach the South American Republics to elect good men!” - Woodrow Wilson (pg. 110) • US Military Interventions: in the name of democracy? Or self-interest? • 1932: FDR’s “Good Neighbor Policy”

42. Cold War • Truman, 1947: “It must be a policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting the attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” • Inter-American Military Collaboration • Containment Policy • “It is better to have a strong regime in power than a liberal one if it is indulgent and relaxed and penetrated by Communists.” - George Kennan

43. Cold War Continued • Stemming Tides of the Revolution • Displacing Inconvenient Democracies • Economic Crisis • Overall Impact of Cold War on Democracy in Latin America

44. Post-Cold War Developments • The Globalization Era: The importance of economic spheres of influence/decline of overt military interventions. • The Impact of Multilateral Organizations • New, post-9/11 context? (less supportive of democracy?)

45. Questions Raised • Have U.S. policies had an overall positive impact on democratization? OR does the U.S. invoke the name of democracy to justify intervention while really pursuing short-term, ulterior poli/econ/social motives? • Does relatively recent success of multilateral organizations prove Diamond right?

46. Exploring Institutional Alternatives Jordan M. Marquez

47. The Terms of Debate Denouncing Armed Forces Condemning the United States Internal Social Conflicts Latin American Democracy itself From Leadership to System Institutional Design*

48. Envisioning Alternatives Presidential vs. Parliamentary Governments Separation vs. Fusion Paradox

49. Pro-Parliamentary Arguments Presidentialism tends to have: Temporal Rigidity Winner-Take-All Dual Democratic Legitimacy

50. Counter-Arguments Virtues of Executive Stability Separation of Executive and Legislative Powers Popular Election is more democratic Other factors at fault Societal Conditions