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Exoplanet Characterization with JWST Jeff Valenti (Space Telescope Science Institute)

Exoplanet Characterization with JWST Jeff Valenti (Space Telescope Science Institute). Exoplanet Characterization with JWST. Investigators: E xoplanet community Scientific Category: Exoplanets Scientific Keywords: Planet formation and evolution Planetary atmospheres

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Exoplanet Characterization with JWST Jeff Valenti (Space Telescope Science Institute)

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  1. ExoplanetCharacterization with JWSTJeff Valenti(Space Telescope Science Institute)

  2. Exoplanet Characterization with JWST • Investigators: Exoplanet community • Scientific Category: Exoplanets • Scientific Keywords: • Planet formation and evolution • Planetary atmospheres • Instruments: NIRSpec, MIRI, NIRCam • Proprietary Period: 0-12 months • Requested Allocation: 2600 hours (6% of 5 years) DRAFT – pleasecirculate!

  3. Key Questions • Explore the diversity of planets • Density, Composition, Stratospheres, Eccentricity, … • How do planets form/arrive so close to star? • Signatures of core-accretion processes • Migration and other dynamical processes • Processes that control planetary atmospheres • Cloud formation, non-equilibrium chemistry, etc. • Stellar irradiation • Origin of water

  4. Core-Accretion Scenario Pollack et al. (1996, Icarus, 124, 62) Phase III Giant planet formation via rapid gas accretion Phase II Envelope formation via gradual gas accretion Phase I Core formation via rapid accretion of planetesimals in “feeding zone” Core + Envelope Core Only Isolation Mass

  5. Diverse Formation and Evolution Low Density Exoplanet Diversity High Density Core mass, composition, migration, heating, …

  6. Schematic of Transit and Eclipse Science Eclipse Planet thermal emissionappears and disappears 10-3 Seager & Deming (2010, ARAA, 48, 631) Transit Learn about atmospheric circulation from thermal phase curves Measure size of planet 10-2 See starlight transmitted through planet atmosphere 10-4

  7. Program Goals • Refine planet radius and hence planet density • Atmospheric composition: H, CH4, CO, CO2, H2O, … • Vertical temperature structure, effect of irradiation • Longitudinal temperature structure, heat distribution • Latitudinal temperature structure (grazing eclipses) • Measure small eccentricities transit/eclipse timing • Dependence on planet mass (Jupiter  super-Earth) • Constrain formation, evolution, and structure models • Sample stellar surface features (limb, spots, …) • Verify transits of terrestrial planets (e.g. Kepler) • Assess habitability? • Planetary exospheres?

  8. Eclipse Spectroscopy and Photometry IRS IRS MIPS NICMOS Model HD 189733b 2 3 4 20 10 Swain et al., Astro2010 white paper

  9. GJ 1214b Transit Spectrum from the Ground Bean et al. (2010, Nature, 468, 669) R=45 VLT/FORS2

  10. HD 189733b Thermal Emission from the Ground NLTE CH4 ? Swain et al. (2010, Nature, 463, 637)

  11. JWST Instrument Configurations eclipses transits 7 2 4 64 imaging 2 10 33

  12. Spectrum of a Planet Host

  13. Timeline of a Transit Observation

  14. Thermal Emission from a Hot Jupiter

  15. Simulated MIRI Observations of HD 189733b

  16. GJ 1214

  17. Transit Spectrum of Habitable “Ocean Planet”

  18. Thermal Emission versus Orbital Phase HD 189733 b 1210 K 970 K Peak temperature precedes eclipse by 16±6˚ 0.979 transit depth Knutson et al. (2007, Nature, 447, 183) Spitzer, 8 µm, 33 hours

  19. Photometric Precision as Target Drifts Sum of 5x1 pixels Single Pixel Barron et al. (2007, PASP, 119, 466) Charge Diffusion H2RG @ 1.05 µm Not JWST detector

  20. 50 Good Targets Today… Want 50 Best for JWST HD 149026 HD 189733 RV Elektra TESS GJ 1214 Kepler CoRot HAT, WASP, XO, …

  21. Transit Study of Cool Atmospheres Good targets from Kepler… better ones coming! Extracted from Bill Borucki’s presentation on Monday. Data from Tome Greene.

  22. Strawman Survey Program Assumes an average of 5 hours / visit

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