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Complications of Dental Implants: Identification, Frequency and Associated Risk Factors

Complications of Dental Implants: Identification, Frequency and Associated Risk Factors. NE McDermott, BS*, S-K Chuang, DMD, MD*, VA Vehemente, BS*, S Daher, DMD † , A Muftu, DDS, MS †† , TB Dodson, DMD, MPH *‡ Harvard School of Dental Medicine * Massachusetts General Hospital ‡

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Complications of Dental Implants: Identification, Frequency and Associated Risk Factors

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  1. Complications of Dental Implants: Identification, Frequency and Associated Risk Factors NE McDermott, BS*, S-K Chuang, DMD, MD*, VA Vehemente, BS*, S Daher, DMD†, A Muftu, DDS, MS††, TB Dodson, DMD, MPH*‡ Harvard School of Dental Medicine * Massachusetts General Hospital‡ Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine† Tufts University School of Dental Medicine††

  2. Dental implants are a widely accepted treatment modality. • Questions exist regarding complications associated with dental implants. • Systematic reports of implant complications and associated risk factors are limited. Background and Significance

  3. Specific Aims • Specific Aim 1: To identify complications associated with dental implants. • Specific Aim 2: To estimate the frequency of implant complications. • Specific Aim 3: To identify risk factors associated with implant complications.

  4. Hypothesis • We hypothesize that we will identify risk factors associated with implant complications that maybe modified by the clinician to enhance patient outcome.

  5. Study Design: Retrospective cohort • Sample:Patients having > one Bicon® implant placed at the Implant Dentistry Centre (IDC), Faulkner Hospital (Boston, MA) between 1992 and 2000 • Randomly selected one implant per patient for study inclusion Materials and Methods

  6. Study Variables • Predictor Variables (Risk Factors) •Demographic -gender -age •Medical -ASA status -tobacco use

  7. Anatomic • implant location (maxilla vs. mandible, anterior vs. posterior) • bone quality (1-4) • implant proximity to teeth or implants • Implant Specific • implant diameter and length • well size • implant coating • implant staging • abutment diameter and angulation

  8. Prosthetic • removable (overdenture) or fixed (crown/ bridge) • Reconstructive • use of procedures/materials to enhance recipient site • Other -perioperative antibiotic use

  9. Study Variables (Cont’d) • Outcome Variable • presence or absence of complications • Complications grouped into three categories • inflammatory • prosthetic • operative

  10. Inflammatory Complications -mobility -pain -infectious process -peri-implantitis -impaired wound healing -gingival recession

  11. Prosthetic Complications • abutment fracture/loosening • O-ring damage requiring replacement less than twelve months after insertion of overdenture • occlusal or prosthetic adjustment more than two weeks after delivery of permanent restoration • recementation of loose prosthesis within two weeks of delivery

  12. Operative complications • inadvertent placement of implant into sinus or submandibular space • paresthesia

  13. Data Analysis • Descriptive statistics and complication frequencies • Analyses to identify candidate variables (risk factors) associated with complications (p<0.15) -univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model • Identification of specific variables associated with complications (p< 0.05) -multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model

  14. Descriptive Statistics Sample Size 677 Demographic Variables Age (yr) 53.9 ± 13.9 Gender (female) 339 (50.1) Medically Related Variables ASA Status ( >II)6 (0.9) Medically Compromised (Yes) 57 (8.5) Tobacco User (Yes) 57 (10.3)

  15. Anatomic Variables Jaw • Maxilla425 (62.8) Location • Posterior471 (69.6) Implant Proximity • Between two natural teeth259 (38.7) • Between one tooth/one implant182 (27.1) • Other configurations 236 (34.2)

  16. Anatomic Variables (cont’d) Bone Quality •Type I45 (0.7) •Type II126 (23.1) •Type III137 (25.1) •Type IV279 (51.1)

  17. Implant Related Variables Implant Diameter •3.0-3.5mm 195 (30.4) •4.0-4.5mm 260 (40.6) •5.0mm 168 (26.2) •6.0mm 18 (2.8) Implant Length •4-6mm 10 (1.6) •8mm 156 (24.3) •11mm 433 (67.5) •14mm 42 (6.6)

  18. Implant Related Variables (cont’d) Coating •Uncoated115 (19.4) • TPS 187 (31.5) • HA 291 (49.1) Well Size •2.0mm 599 (88.7) • 3.0mm 76 (11.3) Staging •Two-stage568 (84.0)

  19. Abutment Related Variables Diameter •3-4mm 118 (25.3) • 5.0-5.5mm 258 (55.2) • 6.0-6.5mm 91 (19.5) Abutment Angulation •0°435 (73.9) •15°138 (23.4) •25°16 (2.7)

  20. Prosthetic Related Variables Fixed Prosthesis 632 (93.4) Other Antibiotic Use 574 (84.8) Reconstructive Procedures 242 (35.8)

  21. Implant Complications: Identification and Frequency Overall Complication Rate: 13.9% (94/677)

  22. Table 1: Factors Associated with Overall Implant Complications Multivariate Cox Model Exposure Hazard Ratio95% C Ip-value Tobacco Use 2.31 1.29, 4.16 0.0051 (smoker vs. nonsmoker) Reconstructive Procedure 1.18 1.03, 1.34 0.017 (present vs. absent) Implant Staging2.56 1.45, 4.55 0.0013 (one vs. two-stage) Age (older vs. younger) 1.0 0.98,1.0 0.89 Gender (female vs. male) 0.92 0.58,1.44 0.72 Prosthetic Type 1.97 0.92,4.21 0.083 (removable vs. fixed)

  23. Breakdown of Inflammatory Complications 10.2% (69/677) frequency Impaired wound healing 0.7% (5/677) Peri-implantitis 1.0% (7/677) Gingival recession 0.4% (3/677) Infectious process 2.4%(16/677) Pain 1.6%(11/677) Mobility 4.0%(27/677)

  24. Table 2: Factors Associated with Inflammatory Complications Multivariate Cox Model ExposureHazard Ratio95% C Ip-value Tobacco Use3.26 1.74, 6.10 0.0002 (smoker vs. nonsmoker) Reconstructive Procedure 1.17 1.001, 1.36 0.049 (present vs. absent) Implant Staging 3.03 1.64, 5.56 0.0004 (one- vs. two-stage) Age (older vs. younger) 1.0 0.98,1.017 0.77 Gender (female vs. male) 0.94 0.56,1.57 0.82 Jaw (maxilla vs. mandible) 0.64 0.36,1.15 0.13 

  25. Table 3: Factors Associated with Operative Complications Multivariate Cox Model ExposureHazard Ratio95% C I p-value Jaw 5.22 1.01, 27.03 0.048 (maxilla vs. mandible) Reconstructive Procedure1.84 1.26, 2.68 0.002 (present vs. absent) Age (older vs. younger) 1.06 0.99,1.13 0.08 Gender (female vs. male) 0.40 0.069,1.96 0.24 Restorative Dentist 0.41 0.14,1.17 0.10

  26. Table 4: Factors Associated with Prosthetic Complications Multivariate Cox Model • No variables were found to be statistically related with prosthetic complications in the multivariate model (p<0.05).

  27. DISCUSSION Identification of implant complications • Inflammatory, Operative, and Prosthetic • Frequency of implant complications • Overall: 13.9% (94/677) • Inflammatory: 10.2% (69/677) • Prosthetic: 2.7% (18/677) • Operative: 1.0% (7/677)

  28. DISCUSSION (cont’d) • Risk factors associated with implant complications • Overall: Smoking, one-stage implants, use of reconstructive procedures • Inflammatory: Smoking, one-stage implants, use of reconstructive procedures • Operative: Jaw (maxilla), use of reconstructive procedures • Prosthetic: None identified

  29. Conclusion • We hypothesized that we would identify risk factors associated with implant complications that may be modified by the clinician to enhance patient outcome. • Tobacco use • Implant staging

  30. Future Investigations •Tobacco Use -influence on implant complications •Reconstructive Procedures - influence on implant complications

  31. Acknowledgements Funding Sources: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Research Fund (MGH) Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Foundation (VAV) NIH/NIDCR Dentist Scientist Award - K16 DE000275 (SKC) NIH/NIDCR Mid-career Investigators Award – K24 DE000448 (TBD) We would like to acknowledge the clinicians and support staff of the Faulkner Hospital Dental Implant Center (Boston, MA) for their cooperation and unrestricted access to patient records. Inquiries: nancy_mcdermott@student.hms.harvard.edu

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