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Chapter 4 Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances

Chapter 4 Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances. Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen. Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances. Energy Essentials   Energy Balance in the Troposphere   Energy Balance at Earth’s Surface  . Energy Essentials . Energy Pathways and Principles 

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Chapter 4 Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances

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  1. Chapter 4Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen

  2. Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances • Energy Essentials   • Energy Balance in the Troposphere   • Energy Balance at Earth’s Surface  

  3. Energy Essentials  • Energy Pathways and Principles  • Shortwave energy in from the Sun • Longwave energy out from Earth • Transmission • Passage of energy through atmosphere or water

  4. Energy Pathways Figure 4.1

  5. Energy Pathways • Insolation input • All radiation received at Earth’s surface – direct and indirect • Scattering • Changing direction of light’s movement, without altering its wavelengths • Refraction • Change in speed and direction of light

  6. Insolation at Earth’s Surface Figure 4.2

  7. Refraction Figure 4.4

  8. Energy Principles • Albedo and reflection • Clouds, aerosols, and the atmosphere’s albedo • Absorption

  9. Albedo Figure 4.5

  10. July and January Albedos Figure 4.6

  11. Clouds and Albedo Figure 4.7

  12. Atmospheric Aerosols Figure 4.8

  13. Heat Transfer • Conduction • Molecule-to-molecule transfer • Convection • Energy transferred by movement • Advection • Horizontally dominant movement • Radiation • Energy traveling through air or space

  14. Heat Transfer Figure 4.9

  15. Energy Balance in the Troposphere   • The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming   • Clouds and Earth’s “Greenhouse”   • Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Balance  

  16. The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming • Atmosphere absorbs heat energy • A real greenhouse traps heat inside • Atmosphere delays transfer of heat from Earth into space

  17. Clouds and Forcing Figure 4.10

  18. Shortwave and Longwave Energy Figure 4.11

  19. Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Balance Figure 4.12

  20. Energy Budget by Latitude Figure 4.13

  21. Energy Balance at Earth’s Surface • Daily Radiation Patterns   • Simplified Surface Energy Balance   • The Urban Environment

  22. Daily Radiation Curves Figure 4.14

  23. Surface Energy Budget Figure 4.15

  24. Simplified Surface Energy Balance • NET R = +SW (insolation) –SW (reflection) +LW (infrared) –LW (infrared) Figure 4.16

  25. Global NET R Figure 4.17

  26. Global Latent Heat Figure 4.18

  27. Global Sensible Heat Figure 4.19

  28. Solar Cooking Solution Figure FS 4.1.1

  29. Solar Energy Figure FS 4.1.2

  30. El Mirage, CA Radiation Budgets Pitt Meadows, BC Figure 4.20

  31. The Urban Environment Figure 4.21

  32. Urban Heat Island Figure 4.22

  33. Urban Heat IslandPilotProject Figure 4.23

  34. End of Chapter 4 Geosystems 7e An Introduction to Physical Geography

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