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An Introductory Overview of Cells, Chemical Bonds & Energy Part-I

This lecture provides an introductory overview of cells, chemical bonds, and energy. It covers the types of cells, cell theory, examples of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the exception of viruses, and the functions of cell parts.

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An Introductory Overview of Cells, Chemical Bonds & Energy Part-I

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  1. Lecture no.3 An Introductory Overview of Cells, Chemical Bonds & EnergyPart-I BCH 361/ Section: xxxxx

  2. What We Will Be Covering-I? Lecture no.3 • What is a Cell? • The Two Types of Cells ? • The Exception? • The Organelles and Their Functions.

  3. What is a Cell? Lecture no.3 • Cell came from Latin word mean small room. • A cell is the functional and structural unit of all living organism. • The Cell Theory --1839 by the German botanist Matthias JakobSchleiden and German physiologist Theodore Schwann.

  4. Cell Theory Lecture no.3 • All living things are made up of cells. • Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. • All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

  5. Examples of Cells Lecture no.3 Plant Stem Amoeba Proteus Bacteria Nerve Cell Red Blood Cell

  6. Types of Cells Lecture no.3 • Prokaryotic • Bacteria • Archaea 2. Eukaryotic • Unicellular • Protists • Multi-cellular • Fungi • Plants • Animals

  7. Prokaryotic Cells Lecture no.3 • Characteristics • Unicellular (some multi-cellular). • Lacks a membrane bound nucleus. • Lacks membrane bound organelles. • Has a cell membrane (cell wall). • Has ribosomes (protein production). • Circular DNA.

  8. Eukaryotes Lecture no.3 • Characteristics • Unicellular (Protists). • Multicellular (fungi, plants, animals). • Membrane bound Nucleus. • Contains Organelles. • Linear DNA. Typical plant cell Typical animal cell

  9. Types of Eukaryotic Cells Lecture no.3 1. Somatic • Greek for “body’’ • All cells in the body except the sex cells. • Found in the bones, skin, organs, tissues, blood. • Reproduce by Mitosis. 2. Germ • The Sex Cells. • Sperm and Ova. • Reproduce by Meiosis.

  10. Lecture no.3 Is there any exception ?

  11. The Exception: Viruses Lecture no.3 • Characteristics • Latin for “poison”. • Does not meet all the criteria of “Life” • Not made up of cells. • Contains DNA or RNA, but not usually both. • Require a host to replicate.

  12. Lecture no.3 Cell Parts Organelles

  13. I- Surrounding the Cell Lecture no.3 - Cell Membrane - Cell wall • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell. • Place of communication with the environment and other cells. • “Gate of the Cell”. • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria. • “Supports & protects cells”.

  14. Lecture no.3 II- Inside the Cell - Nucleus - Nuclear membrane • First described by Robert Brown in 1831. • Largest organelle. • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane. • Contains genetic material – DNA. • “Control Center” • Double membrane bag that surrounds nucleus. • Contains nuclear pores which is place • of selective transport between cytoplasm and inside of nucleus (proteins, mRNA) • “Gate of the Nucleus”

  15. Lecture no.3 Continue… - Chromosomes - Nucleolus • In nucleus. • Present in the form of strings of DNA and histones. • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics . • “Director of the Cell” • Inside nucleus. • The nucleolus plays an indirect role in protein synthesis by producing ribosomes. • Nucleolus is not a structure!!! Just a visible region.

  16. Continue… Lecture no.3 - Cytoplasm -Endoplasmic Reticulum • Gel-like material. • The portion of the cell enclosed by the cell membrane but not part of any organelle • It stores the organelles, water, and the chemicals in it. • “Area of Movement”. • The transportation center for the cell. • Smooth and rough types. • SER Site of fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis, While RER place of proteins synthesis

  17. Continue… Lecture no.3 - Ribosomes - Mitochondria • Found in the cytoplasm and on the ER. • Their job is to make proteins. • The nucleus makes the ribosomes. • Place of oxidative metabolism and ATP production. • Contains its own DNA and • ribosomes. • “Powerhouse of the Cell”

  18. Continue… Lecture no.3 - Golgi Bodies - Lysosome • Package and to move protein to the out side of the cell. • They also process proteins from ribosomes that are located on the ER. • Digest the wastes and other bad organelles. • Acidic organelles - low pH due to proton pump (pH=5) in the membrane. • Contain many degradative enzymes such as acid hydrolases.

  19. Tay-Sachs disease : is a genetic defect in one of specific lysosomalhydrolases

  20. Continue… Lecture no.3 - Vacuoles - Chloroplast • The vacuole in the plant cell is larger than the vacuole in the animal cell. • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal. • “Storage Tanks” . • Contains green chlorophyll. • Where photosynthesis takes place. • “Food Producers” .

  21. Summary Lecture no.3

  22. Lecture no.3 See you later to continue with the second part of this module?

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