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Learning About Pregnancy and Childbirth

Learning About Pregnancy and Childbirth. Unit 4, Lesson 21 National Health Standards 1.1, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.9, 2.10, 3.3, 3.4, 8.1. Conception and Heredity. Conception Also called fertilization Union of an ovum and a sperm Heredity

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Learning About Pregnancy and Childbirth

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  1. Learning About Pregnancy and Childbirth Unit 4, Lesson 21 National Health Standards 1.1, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.9, 2.10, 3.3, 3.4, 8.1

  2. Conception and Heredity • Conception • Also called fertilization • Union of an ovum and a sperm • Heredity passing of characteristics from biological parents to children

  3. Chromosomes • Thread-like structures that carry genes • Gene • Unit of genetic material • Females • 3 pair of identical chromosomes

  4. Males • One pair is not made of identical chromosomes • Sex chromosomes • One pair in each sex called this • Females – XX • Males - XY

  5. Sex of child determined by male • Inherited characteristics • 2 genes for each trait • Dominant • Gene that overrides the expression of the other gene

  6. Recessive • Gene overridden by the other gene • Genetic counseling • Trained professional interprets medical information concerning genetics to prospective parents

  7. Amniocentesis • Needle inserted through the uterus to extract fluid from the amniotic sac • Amniotic sac – pouch of fluid surrounding the fetus • Cells analyzed to detect birth defects; sex can also be revealed

  8. Ultrasound • High-frequency sound waves used to provide image of developing fetus • Physician analyzes image • Confirm pregnancy • Confirm pregnancy within the uterus

  9. Ectopic pregnancy – when baby attaches to Fallopian tubes • Assess size and growth of fetus • Takes place in 1st trimester • Done for safety of mom and baby

  10. Pregnancy • Embryo • Name given to developing baby through the end of the 2nd month • Fetus • Name given to the developing baby from the 9th week after conception until birth

  11. Placenta • Organ that anchors the embryo to the uterus • Umbilical cord • Rope-like structure connecting the embryo to the placenta • Mother’s body carries nutrients and oxygen to and waste away from embryo

  12. 1st Trimester • At end of 1st month • Embryo has heartbeat, two-lobed brain and a spinal cord • At end of 2nd month • Recognizable as a human and is called a fetus • Began arm, leg, fingers, ears, and toes formation 1 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=embryo&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=653&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=KB8okrLPRwT0RM:&imgrefurl=http://lesliesholly.wordpress.com/2010/11/08/embryo-adoption/&docid=NDatTkY6kC5ObM&imgurl=http://lesliesholly.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/embryo71.jpg&w=450&h=368&ei=wSe8T67xAuWQsQLjjdEj&zoom=1 1

  13. By end of trimester • Heart has 4 chambers 2 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=12+week+fetus&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=k_yS5JrKFeyPPM:&imgrefurl=http://wiseandgloriouspurpose.blogspot.com/2011/04/what-can-god-do-in-12-weeks.html&docid=gw3AAj_luTDE2M&imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_5c6VyFklIY/TbJS8jKNSZI/AAAAAAAAAfc/hqoiVKZjQek/s1600/fetus12weeks.jpg&w=375&h=284&ei=7yi8T5eML7GMsALxvp07&zoom=1 2

  14. 2nd Trimester • By end trimester • Fingernails, toenails, eyebrows, and eyelashes formed • Teeth begin to form, lips appear, and head hair begins to grow • Movement can be felt

  15. Can bend its arms and make a fist • Can be detected by a stethoscope 3 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=24+week+fetus&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=YvYY9ZF7y_4hhM:&imgrefurl=http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/9575.htm&docid=7OE5LM1FOiwjpM&imgurl=http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/9575.jpg&w=400&h=320&ei=eiq8T6r0DuuasgLn-fQW&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=349&vpy=115&dur=2703&hovh=201&hovw=251&tx=147&ty=122&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=125&tbnw=156&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:140 3

  16. 3rd Trimester • If baby born at beginning of 7th month, 20% chance of survival • Optimum development occurs at about 40 weeks after conception • Premature birth is any baby born before the 37th week of pregnancy

  17. Baby born between 37 and 40 weeks is considered full term • Usually 19 – 21 inches long • Weigh between 6 and 9 pounds 4 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=full+term+baby+in+womb&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=73t0h4Ky2w7DQM:&imgrefurl=http://www.thematches.com/blog/2007_08_01_archive.html&docid=x2dQBEW4IbHyaM&imgurl=http://i34.photobucket.com/albums/d101/zoethegoat/baby_in_womb_web.png&w=644&h=576&ei=9yu8T8b_GqqPsALUwq06&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=769&vpy=339&dur=2984&hovh=212&hovw=237&tx=142&ty=147&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=154&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:18,s:0,i:124 4

  18. Low-birth weight • Birth weight less than 5.5 pounds • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • Presence of severe birth defects in babies born to mothers who drink alcohol while pregnant

  19. Miscarriage • Natural ending of a pregnancy before the baby is developed enough to survive outside the womb

  20. Childbirth • Process of childbirth – LABOR • 3 stages • Stage 1 – Dilation of cervix • Longest stage • 2 to many hours • Widening of the cervix occurs – 8-10 centimeters

  21. Stage 2 – Delivery of baby • Begins with completely dilated cervix and ends with birth of the baby • Crowning – appearance of baby’s head • Umbilical cord cut when baby out of canal and breathing on its own

  22. Stage 3 – Delivery of the placenta • Should occur without physician’s help • About 20 minutes after delivery of baby

  23. Apgar scale • Rating of baby’s characteristics at 1, 5, and 10 minutes after birth • Heart rate, color, respiratory effort, and reaction to sucking

  24. Score • 7-10 – normal • 4-7 – may need some resuscitative measures • 3 and lower – require immediate resuscitative measures

  25. Post-partum period • Span of time after birth of baby • Mother’s body changes • Breasts secrete hormone to begin milk secretion of milk • Mom’s milk helps babies have fewer respiratory illnesses, skin disorders, constipation, and diarrhea

  26. Multiple births • Identical twins • Develop from same ovum and sperm • One fertilized ovum divides at an early stage of development and two cells divide and develop separately 5 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=identical+twins+pregnancy&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=3MaHlkK00NPINM:&imgrefurl=http://www.health.com/health/library/mdp/0,,ax2004,00.html&docid=JezsOsc7kiqdxM&imgurl=http://www.health.com/health/static/hw/media/medical/hw/h9991443_001.jpg&w=460&h=300&ei=uTC8T-DINMmasgLrgIET&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=180&vpy=156&dur=1141&hovh=181&hovw=278&tx=130&ty=104&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=202&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:72 5

  27. Fraternal Twins • Two ova released from an ovary and are fertilized at the same time by different sperm • May or may not be same sex and may or may not look alike 6 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=identical+twins+pregnancy&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=3MaHlkK00NPINM:&imgrefurl=http://www.health.com/health/library/mdp/0,,ax2004,00.html&docid=JezsOsc7kiqdxM&imgurl=http://www.health.com/health/static/hw/media/medical/hw/h9991443_001.jpg&w=460&h=300&ei=uTC8T-DINMmasgLrgIET&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=180&vpy=156&dur=1141&hovh=181&hovw=278&tx=130&ty=104&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=202&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:72 6

  28. 3 children at once – triplets • 4 children at once – quadruplets • 5 children at once – quintuplets • 6 children at once – sextuplets • More than 3 children at once rare

  29. Complications during pregnancy and childbirth • Rh incompatibility • Mom’s Rh is positive and developing baby’s is negative • Toxemia of pregnancy • Rise in mom’s blood pressure, swelling, and leakage of protein into the urine • Can result in death of mom or baby

  30. Cesarean section • Surgical incision to remove baby from mother’s uterus • Stillbirth • Fully developed baby is born dead • caused by a defect, medical condition of the baby or the mother

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