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The Eye of the Child: When to Refer April 19, 2012. Todd A. Goldblum, MD, FAAO, FAAP Pediatric Ophthalmology Albuquerque. Disclosure. I have no financial interest in any of the material presented. Outline. Visual Development and Amblyopia Vision Screening The Red Eye
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The Eye of the Child: When to Refer April 19, 2012 Todd A. Goldblum, MD, FAAO, FAAP Pediatric Ophthalmology Albuquerque
Disclosure • I have no financial interest in any of the material presented.
Outline • Visual Development and Amblyopia • Vision Screening • The Red Eye • Learning Disabilities and Vision
Forced Preferential Looking • Newborns: 20/400 • 18-24 mos: 20/20
Normal Maturation of Vision • Retina: fovea not mature until 4 mos • Optic nerve: myelination not complete at birth • Cortical maturation: approx 2 years
Normal visual development proceeds only if the brain receives an EQUALLY CLEAR image from EACH EYE
Quiz: What is the leading cause of vision loss in children?
Answer: • Amblyopia • Amblyopia • Amblyopia
Amblyopia • Visual loss due to significant interruption of normal visual development • Can be permanent and severe if not recognized early • LEADING CAUSE OF VISUAL LOSS IN U.S. CHILDREN
Amblyopia • Childhood vision loss • Affects 2% of U.S. Population • Usually unilateral • Can be bilateral and severe!
Visual Development • The first few weeks are critical! • No child with a congenital cataract in one eye ever achieved vision better than 20/50 if treated after 17 weeks of life
Types of Amblyopia • Deprivation • Strabismic • Refractive
Deprivation Amblyopia • The eye is deprived of light/image • Can be extremely severe if not treated early • Examples: cataract, ptosis, eyelid tumor
Strabismic Amblyopia • The brain “turns off” the eye which is not straight • Can be permanent and severe
All children with strabismus have amblyopia until proven otherwise
Refractive Amblyopia • Farsightedness or astigmatism • Image is poorly focused • One or both eyes
Amblyopia: Treatment • Remove cause if possible • Correct refractive errors • Penalization
Amblyopia: Treatment • Optical Alone • Patching: FT vs PT • Atropine • Optical penalization
An Evaluation of Treatment of Amblyopia in Children 7-<18 Years Old Supported by the National Eye Institute ATS3
Rationale • Amblyopia is a common cause of monocular vision • loss in children and adults • Data on the natural history of amblyopia and • success rates of its treatment in older children are • retrospective and uncontrolled • Previous studies and a PEDIG pilot study suggest • that treatment of amblyopia can be effective in older • children ATS3
Study Design • Randomized, controlled multi-center clinical trial • Sample size: >360 children (>90 in each of 4 age groups) • Treatment groups: • Control Group:Optical correction only • Active Group:Optical correction • Patching plus near activities • Atropine (patients <13 yrs only) • Primary analysis: Comparison of proportion of treatment • responders between treatment groups ATS3
Conclusions • Amblyopic eye vision improves with optical correction alone in about ¼ of 7 to <18 year olds. • In 7 to < 13 year olds, additional improvement is seen with patching/atropine regardless of whether amblyopia was previously treated. In 13 to <18 year olds, additional improvement may occur with patching if amblyopia was not previously treated, but may not occur if previously treated. • Most amblyopic eyes have remaining visual deficit. • Persistence of effect after treatment cessation is currently being evaluated.
Strabismus • Definition: eye misalignment • Esotropia: inward • Exotropia: outward • Hypertropia: upward • Hypotropia: downward
Neonatal Eye Alignment • Exotropia commonly seen • Esotropia less common • Eyes should be straight by 4-6 months of age
Strabismus • Children never outgrow strabismus • ALWAYSsuspect amblyopia
Accommodative Esotropia • Farsightedness = focus • Focusing causes eyes to turn inward • Rx: relax focusing with glasses
Infantile Esotropia • Begins before 6 months of age • Usually large angle • Surgery