淡水养殖学（双语） Freshwater Aquaculture

1. 淡水养殖学（双语）Freshwater Aquaculture Chapter 1 The biology of main cultured fishes主要养殖鱼类生物学

2. Standard of choosing cultured fishes 1 2 3 4 The main cultured fish species in China A brief introduction on the biology of main cultured fishes Course Outline The biological characteristics of fish

3. When you have completed this chapter you should be able to know: Learning Objectives • The biology of main freshwater cultured fish: Habitat Feeding habits Growth Reproduction

4. Section 1. Standard of choosing cultured fishes 1. Market—highprice(鳜、大菱鲆、石斑鱼)，highdemand (家鱼)； 2. Quality—deliciousmeat, high nutritional value； 3. Growth—individual big, grow quickly andreach market size in a short time（鳜、罗非鱼）； 4. Food chain—short, high energy utilization（鲢、 草鱼）； 5. Feeding habit—extensive, feed easier to besolved（草鱼、团头鲂、鲢、鲤、鲫）；

5. 6. Fingerlings—breeding easily, artificial reproduction be solved（如家鱼；而鳗鲡至今未解决，黄鳝、石斑鱼大批量繁殖困难） 7. Habitus—good adaptability to the environment(stress tolerance, resistance todisease）(家鱼；而虹鳟、鳜、牙鲆要求高） 8. Population—densepolyculture,industrial culture （如家鱼等混养，有互补作用，生态效益高） 我国被选择作为养殖鱼类已达80多种，但真正被广泛养殖的仅20多种。

6. Carps 鲤形目： black carp 青鱼 grass carp 草鱼 silver carp鲢 bighead carp鳙 commoncarp鲤 crucian carp鲫 white bream 鳊 Wuchang bream团头鲂 bluntnose black bream Section 2The main cultured fish species in China Freshwater food-fish fishes

7. black carp 青鱼 Mylopharyngodon piceus grass carp 草鱼 Ctenopharyngodon idella

8. silver carp 鲢 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix bighead carp 鳙 Aristichthys nobilis

9. common carp 鲤 Cyprinus carpio cruciancarp 鲫 Lamellibranchia Caenagrion

10. Wuchang bream 团头鲂 Triangular bream 三角鲂

11. Catfishes 鲶形目： Southern catfish 南方大口鲶 Freshwater fishes-Continued

12. whitespotted freshwater catfish 胡子鲇

13. channel catfish 斑点叉尾鮰（沟鲶）

14. Yellow catfish 黄颡鱼

15. Perciforms 鲈形目： mandarin fish 鳜 Freshwater fishes-Continued

16. Perch 鲈 加州鲈

17. Tilapia 罗非鱼

18. Sturgeons 鲟形目： Chinese sturgeon 中华鲟 Freshwater fishes-Continued

19. Salmoniformes鲑形目： Rainbow trout 虹鳟 Freshwater fishes-Continued

20. Other fish species Chinese snakehead 乌鳢

21. Swamp eel 黄鳝 true eel 鳗鲡

22. The internal structure of fish Section 3 The biological characteristics of fish 3.1 Physiological characteristics Fish is lower vertebrates

23. 3.1.1 Physiological characteristics---Mouth 闭合后上下颌的长短，将口位分为三种类型: terminal mouth superior mouth hypostatic mouth 端位口 上位口 下位口 中下层 grass carp 上层 silver carp 下层 common carp

24. ×4 ×8 3.1.2Physiological characteristics ---Gill 鳃弓 (gill filaments)：白色软骨，支撑鳃的形状 鳃耙 (gill rakers)：鳃片内缘的双层骨质突起，滤水 鳃丝 (gill filaments)：弓形，双层红色，呼吸作用

25. 鳃耙越长 小食物 浮游生物 不耐缺氧 gill rakers 鳃耙 滤取食物的主要器官，阻挡食物随水流经鳃裂流出。 长短疏密因鱼种和食性而异。

26. The difference of digestive system of a fish species depends on what it eats. 3.1.3 Physiological characteristics--- Digestion system and ingestion Fish digestive system includes mouth, gill rakers, throat, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas. • Fish that eat plants and algae have longer digestive tracts (gut or intestine) —Tilapia, grass carp • Fish that eat other fish have a short digestive tract Predatory fish have stomachs— tigerfish, mandarin fish or catfish

27. 3.2 Biology on fish • Habituating nature 栖息习性 • Feeding habit 食性 • Growth 生长 • Reproduction 繁殖

28. Habitat of main cultured fishes 栖息场所 3.2.1 Biology--- Habituating nature Pelagical fish (中上层鱼类)：鲢、鳙， mainly eat plankton浮游生物 Low level fish (中下层鱼类)：草鱼、团头鲂，在水的中下层及岸边摄食水草water plants Bottom level fish (底层鱼类)：鲤、鲫、鲮、乌鳢、黄鳝、泥鳅等，eat benthonic organisms底栖生物 and detritus腐屑

29. The adaptability of fish to the external environment 鱼类对外界环境的适应 Optimum temp 1. Water temperature水温 Tropical fish (热带鱼):Tilapia >30℃ Warmwater (温水性) fish: freshwater cultured fish 30℃ Coolwater (冷温性) fish: perch 20℃ Coldwater (冷水性) fish: rainbow trout <20℃

30. Water temperature for warmwater fish Temp for live: 0.5~38℃ Optimum temp for live: 20~32℃ Optimum temp for growth and ingestion: 25~32℃ Optimum temp for reproduction: 22~26℃ Water temperature for coldwater fish Temp for live: 0~25℃ Optimum temp for live: 10~16℃ Optimum temp for growth and ingestion: 16~18℃

31. 2. Dissolved oxygen溶解氧 >5 mg/L, feeding increase, grow fast <2-3 mg/L, feeding decrease,grow slowly <1-2 mg/L, head above water 浮头until death. 3. Salinity 盐度 Freshwater fish：<0.5‰；brackish water fish微咸水鱼类：1~24.7‰；Marine fish：>24.7‰ 4. pH 酸碱度 主要养殖鱼类7~9，最适7.5~8.5

32. 内源营养 混合营养 外源营养 3.2.2 Biology--- Feeding habits of fish 食性(feeding habits)指成鱼的食物组成。 Three Features of feeding habits: • Periodicity阶段性 The changing process of feeding habits in developmental stage of fish : • larvae stage (鱼苗) similar 以轮虫为食 • fry stage(仔鱼0.5-1.7cm) differentiated • juvenile stage (稚鱼1.7-7cm) significant difference • Young stage(幼鱼>7cm) same to adult fish

33. Difference差异性 Four basic eating groups among adult fish: • 1.filter-feeding fish (滤食性鱼类)：鲢、鳙等。 • having abig mouth,slender and densegill rakers • Sliver carp eats phytoplankton(浮游植物) • Bighead carp feeds on zooplankton(浮游动物) 2. Herbivorous fish (草食性鱼类)：如草鱼、团头鲂、长春鳊等。 eats water vegetation

34. 3. Omnivore fish(杂食性鱼类)：鲤、鲫、鲮、罗非鱼等。 • feed mainly on plant material and small insects: • 摄食螺蛳、河蚬、摇蚊幼虫等底栖动物和水生昆虫外，也摄食水草、丝状藻类、水蚤、腐屑等。 • 4. Carnivores (肉食性鱼类) • Predatory fish (掠食性鱼类) that eat other fish: 鳜、乌鳢、鳗鲡、石斑鱼等； • Mild fish (温和性鱼类) that eat invertebrates and small fishes: 青鱼以螺蚬类为食，黄颡鱼、鲇鱼摄食大量水生昆虫、虾类、小杂鱼和其他底栖动物。

35. Adaptation适应性 • Structure and function • Adaptation to habituating nature and environment • Adaptation to physiological property

36. 3.2.3 Biology---Reproduction The types of eggs • pelagic eggs 浮性卵 marine fish • demersal eggs 沉性卵 鲑、鳟、罗非鱼、鲀、鮰 • Semi-floating eggs 半浮性卵（漂浮性卵） 四大家鱼、鲮、鳜 • sticky eggs 粘性卵 鲟、鲤、鲫、鳊、鲂、鲴、鳅、鲶

37. Fertilized eggs usually sink to the bottom or stick to plants or rocks. Properties of eggs • demersal eggs and sticky eggs: • The tilapia eggs hatch in mouth of female fish. • Bitterlings (鰟鲏) eggs hatch in the gills of freshwater mussel (淡水蚌).

38. Tilapia hatches the fertilized eggs in mouth.

39. Bitterling spawns in the mussel.

40. 3.2.4 Biology---Growth characteristics 1. Age determination scale 鳞片 otolith 耳石 vertebra 脊椎骨 宽带或夏轮--春、夏两形成较宽的轮带。 窄带或冬轮--秋后入冬形成较窄的轮带。 年轮growth ring--当年秋冬形成的窄带和次年春夏形成的宽带之间的分界线。

41. 一冬龄鱼：一个冬天“1” 一龄鱼：第二年的鱼 二夏龄鱼：两个夏天“1+” 年轮数 2. Age 零龄鱼：当年孵出的鱼 “0”

42. 3. Growth characteristic---periodic 阶段性 before sexual maturity fast→determined by environment and bait after sexual maturity slow→determined by species stopped old period

43. Growth characteristic---seasonal 季节性 grow faster in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Growth characteristic---regional 区域性 fish in south grow faster than in north, faster in big water than small water. Growth characteristic---sex difference 性别差异 male fish are smaller than female fish. Growth characteristic---inherited 遗传性

44. 4. Factors affecting fish growth • species • water environment (water temperature, nutrition, pH, dissolved oxygen ) • stocking density • human factors

45. Section 4.A brief Introduction on the biology of main cultured fishes freshwater fish species 鲢 鳙 草鱼 青鱼 鲤 鲫 团头鲂 罗非鱼 胡子鲶 鳜 Biology of fish morphological feature habituating nature feeding habit growth reproduction introduce

46. 1.鲢（silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix） ⑴特征 别称 白鲢、细甲草鱼，鲢子，古籍称鱮(xù)。 • 胸鳍末端不超过腹鳍基部 • 腹棱从胸鳍基部到肛门 鳃耙更致密，滤水速度较鳙慢 特征 特性 性格活泼，善跳跃，可达水面1米多高，捕捞时加盖网。

47. ⑵栖息和食性 不耐缺氧 水中溶氧低于0.79 mg/L时→死亡 上层 栖息 食性 浮游生物，主要为浮游植物 浮游植物个数:浮游动物个数=248:1 投饵 池养时，从鱼苗开始投喂人工饲料，可在成鱼阶段吃人工投喂的饲料。

48. 年 龄 1 2 3 4 5 6 体长cm 29.8 48.2 58.4 66.7 72.9 82.7 体重kg 0.49 2.03 3.50 5.31 7.62 10.72 ⑶ 生长 白鲢食物链短，生长迅速。

49. ⑷ 繁殖习性 水温： 20℃以上 卵： 漂浮性 时间： 4月下旬~7月上旬 产卵 性成熟 雄鱼比雌鱼早一年 雌鱼：一般4龄，但温度升高，品种退化，可3龄

50. 2.鳙（bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis ） ⑴特征 别称 花鲢、大头鱼、胖头鱼 特征 胸鳍末端超过腹鳍基部 腹棱从腹鳍基部到肛门 特性 性情温和，行动迟缓，容易捕捞。