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Logical Fallacies

Logical Fallacies. Part 1. Logical Fallacies. Hasty Generalization Sweeping Generalization Post Hoc Fallacy (“after this, therefore because of this”) Non Sequitor Fallacy (“it does not follow”) Ad Hominen Argument (“to the man”) Appeals to Questionable or Faulty Authority

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Logical Fallacies

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  1. Logical Fallacies Part 1

  2. Logical Fallacies • Hasty Generalization • Sweeping Generalization • Post Hoc Fallacy (“after this, therefore because of this”) • Non Sequitor Fallacy (“it does not follow”) • Ad Hominen Argument (“to the man”) • Appeals to Questionable or Faulty Authority • Begging the Question • Appeal to Reader’s Fear or Pity

  3. Hasty Generalizations • Hasty Generalization: making a claim on the basis of inadequate evidence. • Example: It is disturbing that several of the youths who shot up schools were users of violent video games. Obviously, these games can breed violence, and they should be banned. [Most youths who play violent video games do not behave violently.]

  4. Sweeping Generalization • Absolute statements involving words such as all, always, never, and no one that allow no exceptions. • Examples: People who live in cities are unfriendly. Californians are fad-crazy Women are emotional Men can’t express their feelings [These are often considered stereoptypes]

  5. Post Hoc Fallacy • Occurs when you conclude that a cause-effect relationship exists simply because one even preceded another. • Example: A number of immigrants settle in a nearby city. The city suffers an economic decline. The immigrants’ arrival caused the decline. [This is simply co-occurrence. There are most likely other reasons for the decline.]

  6. Non-Sequitor • Linking two or more ideas that in fact have no logical connection. • Example: She uses a wheelchair, so she must be unhappy. [The second clause has nothing to do with the first.]

  7. Ad Hominem • Attacking the qualities of the people holding an opposing view rather than the view itself. • Example: Bill Clinton had extramarital affairs, so his views on global policy merit no attention. [Do the ex-president’s marital problems invalidate his political views?]

  8. Appeals to Questionable or Faulty Authority • Occurs when the argument fails to provide the credibility of the sourced material. • Examples: Sources show… An unidentified spokesperson states… Experts claim… Studies show… [If these people and reports are so reliable, they should be clearly identified.]

  9. Begging the Question • Involves failure to establish proof for a debatable point. • Example: The college library’s funding should be reduced by cutting subscriptions to useless periodicals. [Are some of the library’s periodicals useless?]

  10. Appeal to Reader’s Fear or Pity • Substituting emotions for reasoning • Example: She should not have to pay taxes because she is an aged widow with no friends or relatives. [Appeals to people’s pity. Should age and loneliness, rather than income, determine a person’s tax obligation.]

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