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CompTIA Linux+ Certification

Chapter 2 Linux Installation and Usage. CompTIA Linux+ Certification. Objectives. Install Red Hat Fedora Linux using good practices Outline the structure of the Linux interface Enter basic shell commands and find command documentation Properly shut down the Linux operating system.

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CompTIA Linux+ Certification

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  1. Chapter 2 Linux Installation and Usage CompTIA Linux+ Certification

  2. Objectives • Install Red Hat Fedora Linux using good practices • Outline the structure of the Linux interface • Enter basic shell commands and find command documentation • Properly shut down the Linux operating system Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  3. Installing Linux: Preparing for Installation • All OSs require a minimum set of hardware components to function properly • Can be obtained from manual or file in DVD of OS, or from vendor website • Each individual hardware component should be checked against the Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) found on the vendor’s Web site Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  4. Installing Linux: Preparing for Installation (continued) Table 2-1 Fedora 13 hardware requirements Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  5. Installing Linux: Preparing for Installation (continued) • Need to identify software that will be used in the Linux operating system • Computer’s host name • Network configuration parameters • Specific software packages to be installed • Create preinstallation checklist to document hardware and software information Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  6. Table 2-2 Sample preinstallation checklist Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  7. Installing Linux: Installation Methods • DVD media • FTP server • HTTP Web server • NFS server • SMB server • Packages on hard disk • CD-ROM media Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  8. Starting the Installation and Checking Media for Errors • Boot from first Red Hat Fedora Linux DVD • A Welcome screen is displayed, can select option: • Default graphical installation • Installation with basic video driver • Rescue installed items • Boot from local drive • Memory test • Check media for errors prior to installation • Optional, but recommended Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  9. Starting the Installation and Checking Media for Errors (continued) Figure 2-1: Beginning a Fedora installation Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  10. Starting the Installation and Checking Media for Errors (continued) Figure 2-3: Testing DVD media Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  11. Choosing the Language, Keyboard, and Storage Type • Allowed to choose installation language • Choose keyboard configuration • Keyboard model and layout automatically detected • Select types of storage devices used to host the Linux OS • For internal or locally attached hard drive installation, select Basic Storage Devices • For installation on SAN or DASD, select Specialized Storage Devices Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  12. Choosing the Language, Keyboard, and Storage Type (continued) Figure 2-4: Selecting an installation language Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  13. Choosing the Language, Keyboard, and Storage Type (continued) Figure 2-5: Verifying keyboard configuration Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  14. Selecting a Host Name, Time Zone, and Root Password • Supply a host name that will identify system on the network • By default use localhost.localdomain • Important to select correct time zone for the local system • Authentication: Users log in via valid user name and password • Configure two user accounts • Administrator account (root): full rights to system • Regular user account Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  15. Selecting a Host Name, Time Zone, and Root Password (continued) Figure 2-7: Selecting a host name Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  16. Selecting a Host Name, Time Zone, and Root Password (continued) Figure 2-8: Selecting a time zone Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  17. Selecting a Host Name, Time Zone, and Root Password (continued) Figure 2-9: Setting a root password Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  18. Configuring Storage Devices • Most common storage devices for storing Linux OS are hard disks • Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA) • Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) • Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) • Each hard disk is divided into partitions • Partitions formatted with filesystems • Maximum four primary partitions • Extended partition can be divided into logical drives Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  19. Configuring Storage Devices (continued) Table 2-4: Example of a partitioning scheme for a primary master IDE hard disk Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  20. Configuring Storage Devices (continued) • Filesystems can be accessed if attached (mounted) to a directory • Minimum of two partitions • Partition for root directory • Partition for virtual memory (swap memory) • Area on hard disk used to store information normally residing in physical memory (RAM) • Automatic or manual partitioning • Better to manually partition Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  21. Table 2-5: Common Linux filesystems and sizes Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  22. Configuring Storage Devices (continued) • Different types of filesystems • Ext2: used on most Linux computers • Ext3, Ext4: performs journaling • Vfat: compatible with Windows’ FAT filesystem • REISER: performs journaling • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparasons_of_file_systems • Journaling: keeps track of the information written to the hard drive Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  23. Configuring Storage Devices (continued) Figure 2-10: Selecting a partition strategy Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  24. Configuring Storage Devices (continued) • When creating a partition, specify the partition technology • For standard disk partitions need to provide information regarding size, filesystem type, encryption options and mount point • Instead of standard partitions, can create volumes that span multiple disks • Logical Volume Manager (LVM) • Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  25. Configuring the Boot Loader • Boot loader: program started by BIOS at system startup • Loads Linux kernel into memory from hard disk • Can also boot other existing OSs • GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB): boot loader configured during Fedora Linux installation • Dual booting: choose OS to boot at startup Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  26. Configuring the Boot Loader (continued) Figure 2-14: Configuring a boot loader Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  27. Configuring the Boot Loader (continued) • Boot loader usually resides on the MBR or on first sector of / or /boot partition • Kernel parameters: information passed to Linux kernel via the boot loader • Large Block Addressing 32-bit (LBA32): enables Large Block Addressing in boot loader • For large hard disks not fully supported by the BIOS Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  28. Selecting and Installing Packages Figure 2-15: Selecting system role and software repositories Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  29. Selecting and Installing Packages (continued) Figure 2-16: Selecting individual packages Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  30. Completing the Firstboot Wizard • Complete the installation • License agreement • User accounts and authentication • Date and time • Network Time Protocol (NTP) • Confirmation of hardware to be used • Log in with user account for daily tasks • Use Network Login: authenticate users based on an external database Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  31. Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued) Figure 2-18: Creating a regular user account Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  32. Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued) Figure 2-19: Choosing authentication options Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  33. Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued) Figure 2-20: Advanced authentication options Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  34. Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued) Figure 2-21: Setting the date and time Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  35. Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued) Figure 2-22: Viewing the hardware profile Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  36. Basic Linux Usage: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel • Terminal: channel allowing users to log on to the kernel locally or across a network • Shell: user interface which accepts user inputs and transfers them to the kernel • BASH Shell (Bourne Again Shell): default Linux shell • Command line shell • Linux allows multiple terminals, each with its own shell Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  37. Basic Linux Usage: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued) Figure 2-23: Shells, terminals, and the kernel Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  38. Basic Linux Usage: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued) • Graphical interface • Start GUI environment on top of BASH shell • Or, switch to a graphical terminal • e.g., GNOME Display Manager (gdm) • From the local server, use key combinations to change to separate terminal • Command-line terminal may be accessed from GUI environment • Command line prompt: • Root user: # • Regular user: $ Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  39. Basic Linux Usage: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued) Table 2-6: Common Linux terminals Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  40. Basic Linux Usage: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued) Figure 2-25: Accessing a command-line terminal in a GUI environment Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  41. Basic Shell Commands • Commands: indicate name of program to execute • Case sensitive • Options: specific letters starting with “-” appearing after command name • Alter way command works • Arguments: specify a command’s specific working parameters Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  42. Basic Shell Commands (continued) Table 2-7: Some common Linux commands Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  43. Shell Metacharacters • Metacharacters: characters with a special meaning • e.g., $ • Refers to a variable • Avoid use of metacharacters when typing commands unless using their special functionality • Single quotation marks ‘ ’ protect metacharacter from being interpreted specially by the shell Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  44. Shell Metacharacters (continued) Table 2-8: Common BASH Shell metacharacters Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  45. Getting Command Help • Manual (man) pages: most common form of documentation for Linux commands • At command prompt, type “man” followed by command name • Contain different sections • Searchable by keyword • Info pages: set of local, easy-to-read command syntax documentation • At command prompt, type “info” followed by a command name Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  46. Getting Command Help (continued) Table 2-9: Manual page section numbers Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  47. Shutting Down the Linux System Table 2-10: Commands to halt and reboot the Linux operating system Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  48. Summary • Prior to installation • Verify hardware requirements using HCL • Create preinstallation checklist • DVD–based installation • Easiest • Most common Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  49. Summary (continued) • Installation prompts for language, host name, date, time zone, keyboard layout, user account configuration, storage configuration, boot loader configuration, and package selection • Users must log in to a terminal and receive a shell before they are able to interact with the Linux system and kernel Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  50. Summary (continued) • From any type of terminal you can enter commands, options, and arguments at a shell prompt to perform system tasks, obtain command help, or shut down the Linux system • The shell is case sensitive and understands a variety of special characters called shell metacharacters, which should be protected if their special meaning is not required Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

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