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Imperial Rome and the Making of an Architectural Revolution in Classical Architecture

Imperial Rome and the Making of an Architectural Revolution in Classical Architecture. I. Roman primacy of the curve before the Empire A. Making architectural curves possible: parts of the arch in stone or brick masonry; difference . I. Roman primacy of the curve before the Empire

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Imperial Rome and the Making of an Architectural Revolution in Classical Architecture

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  1. Imperial Rome and the Making of an Architectural Revolution in Classical Architecture

  2. I.Roman primacy of the curve before the Empire A. Making architectural curves possible: parts of the arch in stone or brick masonry; difference I. Roman primacy of the curve before the Empire   A. Making architectural curves possible: parts of a true arch in stone or brick masonry; difference between arch and vault; monolithic concrete vault between arch and vault; monolithic concrete vault parts of a true arch true arch constructing an arcade

  3. I. A. arch barrel vault concrete barrel vault

  4. I. B. For what types of buildings were concrete arches and vaults common before the Empire? amphitheaters & theaters warehouses shops aqueducts baths substructures of terraced buildings the rare temple cella (Temple of Vesta at Tivoli, late 1st cen. bc)

  5. I. C. Why was Roman architecture of the early decades of the Empire conservative (i.e., not very different from the Republican period)? Roman Forum in Rome: Republican period Roman Forum in Rome: early Imperial period Forum of Augustus Forum of Julius Caesar Comitium and Senate house Capitoline: Temple of Capitoline Jupiter Basilica Julia Basilica Aemilia Senate house Basilica Aemilia Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of the Vestal Virgins Basilica Julia Temple of the Vestal Virgins

  6. II. Imperial Roman architecture: a new architectural language (and a new style of residence) born from the expressive potential of concrete Roman Republic True imperial architecture starts (vaulted style) Roman Empire begins 27 BC Emperor Nero (AD 54-68) Emperor Augustus (r. 27 BC- AD 14)

  7. DomusAurea (Golden House of Nero), Rome, Italy, ad 64-68 Severus and Celer, architects DomusAurea = buildings marked in red

  8. II. DomusAurea (Golden House of Nero), Rome, Italy, ad 64-68 Severus and Celer, architects Oppian Hill pavilion vestibule + atrium w/ tri-porticus w/ “ocean” Octagonal dining hall in the Oppian Hill pavilion

  9. II. A. Reception of the new house design by contemporaries 1. In the view of the historian (Suetonius), how did Nero’s building projects compare to those of emperor Augustus? 1 2 4 Augustus’s domus Nero’s Domus Aurea (hypothetical) Forum

  10. II. B. Formalism: What is revolutionary about how the Nero’s architects Severus and Celer: 1. changed traditional republican floor plans? radiating vistas that emphasize a center broke tyranny of the 90-degree angle DomusAurea – Oppian Hill wing DomusAurea – octagonal hall looking out House of Pansa, Pompeii

  11. II. B. 1. broke tyranny of the 90-degree angle DomusAurea angled juxtapositions curving barrel vault

  12. II. B. 2. changed conventional (republican) expression of load-and-support relationships? enclosing volumes of the imperial era Concrete as used in the republic Concrete used to create enclosing volumes House of Menander, Pompeii DomusAurea – octagonal hall

  13. II. B. 3. altered conventional (republican-era) lighting solutions? light and space as building “material” Indirect lighting in the imperial age Direct lighting in a republican-era atrium DomusAurea – octagonal hall DomusAurea – octagonal hall House of the Faun, Pompeii, 2nd cen. bc

  14. I. B. 3. groin vault DomusAurea Domus Aurea

  15. I. B. 4. altered familiar (republican) sensory effects? “using art and squandering the wealth of the emperor created eccentricities which went against the laws of nature” (Tacitus, Annals 15.52) DomusAurea ceilings with moveable parts concrete clad in rich colors and textures (marble, stucco, mosaic) moving and still water

  16. A. What did Nero say when the DomusAureawas finished, according to Suetonius? III. Political context: Why this radical change in residential architecture now? Domus Aurea, sunlight from the oculus

  17. III. B. Suetonius’s judgment in context: To what building typology did Nero’s Golden House really belong, and why did the presence of this typology in the city cause resentment? 3. Fresco of a Roman seaside villa DomusAurea

  18. III. B. The Flavian dynasty returns the land to the people: “Rome is being made into a palace” (Suetonius) The Flavian Amphitheater (the Colosseum), ad 72-80

  19. III. B. Forum of Augustus Forum of Julius Caesar The Imperial Palace on the Palatine Hill, Rome, ad 96 The Flavian Amphitheater (the Colosseum), ad 72-80 Imperia fora built by Flavian emperors Vespasian and Domitian

  20. IV. Imperial ideology and the architecture of public spaces Forum and Market of Trajan, Rome, Italy, ad 100-133

  21. IV. A. Trajan’s Forum and political context: Imperial “gift” of civic space • 1. Typologies: What were the main buildings, spatial organization, and size and how did it compare • to the foraof previous emperors? Six forain downtown Rome

  22. IV. A. 1. Forum of Trajan

  23. IV. A. 1. Forum of Trajan – Trajan’s Column (historiated column)

  24. IV. A. 2. Formalism: What is the dominant architectural language of Trajan’s Forum? Forum of Trajan – the Basilica

  25. IV. A. 3. Materials: What were the building materials of Trajan’s Forum and how did the exalt empire? Forum of Trajan – monolithic columns Forum of Trajan – outdoor pavement

  26. IV. A. 4. Imperial control: How is autocratic ideology visible in an imperial forum like Trajan’s compared to the Roman Forum of the Republican period? Roman Forum, Rome Forum of Trajan, Rome

  27. IV. B. The Innovative use of the imperial vaulted style in the “utilitarian” space of Trajan’s Market Trajan’s Market has 200 rooms and not a single structural column Trajan’s Market

  28. IV. B. 1. Typology: How has the market typology been modified since Republican Macellum in Pompeii? Market in the Republican period Trajan’s Markets in Imperial Rome The Macellum in Pompeii

  29. IV. B. 2. Vaulted style:   a. Reception: What is the possible hierarchical difference embodied in the architectural language of Trajan’s Forum (civic) vs. the Market (commerce)? Trajan’s Forum – the Basilica Trajan’s Market – the Aula

  30. IV. B. 2. b. Evolution: How did the vaulted style help architects keep the design dynamic? Trajan’s Market

  31. IV. B. 2. b. Trajan’s Market

  32. IV. B. 2. b. Trajan’s Market

  33. IV. B. 2. c. Where is MacDonald’s “secondary system” of décor present in Trajan’s Markets? Trajan’s Market

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