(1917-1939) Another positive learning experience at Camp Haskell!

1. The Two Revolutions In Russia (1917-1939) Another positive learning experience at Camp Haskell!

2. Revolution in Russia • As he watched the Bolsheviks celebrate their victory in November 1917, N.N. Sukhanov was both excited and nervous. In just a few months these radical revolutionaries had seized power in Russia. Their leader (Lenin) and his comrades rose before a cheering crowd, savoring their triumph. The mass of delegates, “recalled Sukhanov, “were permeated by the faith that all would go well in the future too.” • Sukhanov was not so sure. Like many Russians he dreamed of the Czars removal from power and the government would make much needed changes. Like the Bolsheviks , he, too was a Socialist. But he feared these determined revolutionaries. • “Applause, hurrahs, caps flung up in the air… But I didn’t believe in the success, in the rightness, or in the historic mission of a Bolshevik regime. Sitting in the back seats, I watched this celebration with a heavy heart. How I long ed to join in and merge with this mass and with it’s leaders in a single feeling! But I couldn’t.”

3. Continued • Time would later justify Sukhanov’s worst fears. In 1931, he himself would be arrested by the new governments secret police, to vanish like millions of others into a brutal forced labor camp (Gulag Work Camps). The revolution that many Russians had welcomed in 1917 would have costs that they never anticipated. • The revolution would be one of the most significant movements in the 20th century. Lenin was determined to create a new society and implement the ideas of Karl Marx. Certain that capitalism was destined to fall, they harbored ambitions to spread communism around the world. • The world wide revolution that Marx predicted never took place. But Lenin did transform czarist Russia into the communist Soviet Union. For almost 75 years a state run economy would serve as a model for revolutionaries from China to Cuba.

4. Standards • 10.5 Students analyze the causes and course of the First World War. 1. Analyze the arguments for entering into war presented by leaders from all sides of the Great War and the role of political and economic rivalries, ethnic and ideological conflicts, domestic discontent and disorder, and propaganda and nationalism in mobilizing the civilian population in support of "total war." • 2. Examine the principal theaters of battle, major turning points, and the importance of geographic factors in military decisions and outcomes (e.g., topography, waterways, distance, climate). • 3. Explain how the Russian Revolution and the entry of the United States affected the course and outcome of the war. • 4. Understand the nature of the war and its human costs (military and civilian) on all sides of the conflict, including how colonial peoples contributed to the war effort. • 5. Discuss human rights violations and genocide, including the Ottoman government's actions against Armenian citizens.

5. Standards Continued • 10.7 Students analyze the rise of totalitarian governments after World War I. • 1. Understand the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolution, including Lenin's use of totalitarian means to seize and maintain control (e.g., the Gulag). • 2. Trace Stalin's rise to power in the Soviet Union and the connection between economic policies, political policies, the absence of a free press, and systematic violations of human rights (e.g., the Terror Famine in Ukraine). • 3. Analyze the rise, aggression, and human costs of totalitarian regimes (Fascist and Communist) in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union, noting especially their common and dissimilar traits.

6. The March Revolution

7. The March Revolution • In 1917, Russia was in trouble. More than one million soldiers had died in WWI. There was not enough food and citizens were starving. Many people blamed Czar Nicholas II for the problems. A strike of workers began a revolution in March. A new government seized power and promised to be democratic. However, this government decided to continue the war against Germany. This decision drained more men, food and money. Czar Nicholas II

8. Causes Of The March Revolution • Heavy casualties in WWI • Food shortages • Military defeats • Power-hungry rulers The Streets of Petrograd during the Russian Revolution

9. Goals of the March Revolution • To overthrow the czar • To set up new Russian Republic The Russian Revolution in 1917 first abolished the Empire of the Tsar and later "the provisional government", striving sporadically for a democratic form of government.

10. The Consequences Of the March Revolution • The end of czarist rule • Beginnings of a Constitution • Russia continues war against Germany

11. The November Revolution

12. The November Revolution • Vladimir Lenin, an enemy of the czar, returned to Russia in April from exile in Switzerland. He and his followers, the Bolsheviks, started a second revolution. Lenin called for a classless society based on the socialist teachings of Karl Marx. He and his Bolsheviks promised “Peace, Land, and Bread” and won control of the government in November 1917. They set up councils, called soviets, to govern the nation. Lenin made peace with Germany, but for the next 3 years faced unrest in Russia. Germany saw a chance to weaken it’s enemy by helping Lenin return home to Russia in a sealed train.

13. Civil War In November Revolution • Russians had expected a democracy. But they found that the Bolsheviks, now called Communists, ran the soviets. A civil war erupted when rebel forces fought against Lenin’s Red Army. By 1921, the Communists had defeated the rebels. Lenin Inspecting his troops

14. Causes Of The November Revolution • Continued loss of life in WWI. • Continued food shortages. • Continued military defeats. • Return of Lenin from Switzerland

15. The Goals Of The November Revolution • Bolshevik overthrow of the government. • Ideals of Karl Marx applied to Russian Government

16. The Consequences Of The November Revolution • Bolsheviks gain control of the government • An end to private ownership of land • Peace with Germany • An outbreak of a civil war