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Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. . (Chapter 3). Organic Compounds  - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things

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Organic Chemistry

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  1. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.  (Chapter 3)

  2. Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)

  3. Some organic molecules

  4. Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - which is the area that participates in chemical reactions

  5. alcohols acids bases

  6. Also.... ALKANE  consists of only carbon to carbon single bonds C- C- C -C -C ALKENE   consists of at least one carbon to carbon double bond  C = C - C ALKYNE consists of at least one carbon to carbon triple bond

  7. The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and the carboxyl group on the right One carbon chain, single bonds;  2 functional groups

  8. ISOMERS – molecules with the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms

  9. Reaction Types • Hydrolysis - break down compounds by adding water • Dehydration - two components brought together, produces H2O • Endergonic - requires the input of energy • Exergonic - releases energy • Redox - electron transfer reactions Oxidation Involves Loss Reduction Involves Gain OIL   RIG

  10. MACROMOLECULES -   Monomers link together to form polymers   Dehydration reaction – water is removed, joins monomers together Hydrolysis – water attaches to a polymer and breaks it into smaller units

  11. Redox Reactions Explained

  12. Some Molecules

  13. Not a dehydration reaction

  14. MACROMOLECULES important to life 1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids This is bozeman, he knows stuff about biology and makes podcasts.  He has podcasts for every topic we cover.  It's amazing!

  15. 1. CARBOHYDRATES • monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose • disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose • polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides • starch (plants)  and glycogen (animals) are energy storage polymers • cellulose & chitin are structural polymers  

  16. 2. Lipids  Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)*  Fats* & Oils are made of subunits – glycerol and fatty acids  Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection Phospholipids -  Important structural component of the cell membrane 

  17. Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) – made of 4 fused rings

  18. Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature; Unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule,  liquid at room temperature

  19. Lipids and Fatty Acids

  20. 3.  Proteins Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds  - proteins are also called polypeptides Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue Support |  Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion

  21. Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality (More on enzymes later There are 20 known amino acids

  22. Proteins

  23. Proteins have four shapes 1. Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain2. Secondary Structure - Parts of the polypeptide fold into local patterns (alpha helix or pleated sheet)3. Tertiary Structure - the overall 3D shape (globular or fibrous)4. Quaternary Structure - consists of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits

  24. Nucleic Acids • Informational polymers made of individual nucleotides • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)    Each nucleotide consists of: 1.  A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)2.  A phosphate3.  A nitrogen base            - adenine            - thymine            - guanine            - cytosine            - uracil (in RNA)

  25. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule that contains two phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy (this energy drives the reactions in our bodies)

  26. MATCHING a.  carbohydrate     b.  lipidsc.  protein               d.  nucleic acids 1.  contains adenine and thymine2.  lactose3.  chains of amino acids4.  long term energy storage5.  cholesterol6.  chains of fatty acids and glycerol7.  plant cell walls

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