1 / 44

Balanced Diet and Pathogens: Biology Basics

Learn about the importance of a balanced diet and how pathogens cause diseases. Understand the body's defense mechanisms, vaccination, and the use of antibiotics and painkillers. Explore the concepts of hormones, the central nervous system, and plant growth.

rharvey
Télécharger la présentation

Balanced Diet and Pathogens: Biology Basics

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Biology 1b

  2. A balanced diet Carbohydrates – for ___________ Fats – to ___________ ___________ Protein – for ___________ and______ _____ Fibre – “___________ ” Vitamins & minerals – ___________ ___________ Water – ___________

  3. Unbalanced diet If we don’t have a balanced diet we may suffer from ___________ This may lead to being ___________ or ___________ An unbalanced diet may lead to ___________ ___________ or ___________ ___________

  4. Metabolic Rate • The rate at which our bodies carry out chemical reactions is called the “___________ ___________ ”. This rate varies with: • The ___________ of___________ we do • The ___________ to fat ratio • ___________ factors e.g. cholesterol

  5. Microbes • ___________ are microbes (very small organisms) that cause infectious disease • ___________ – very small, reproduce ___________ inside the body. Make you feel ill by • ___________ ___________ • producing ___________ • _________ – not cells, smaller than bacteria, reproduce___________ ___________ then burst open – this cell damage can make you feel ill.

  6. Transmission Contact • ___________ e.g. HIV through body fluids • ___________ e.g. flu via droplets in air Unhygienic conditions • ___________ e.g. food poisoning from uncooked meat • ___________ e.g. cholera from dirty water

  7. Reducing spread of disease • Practice___________ ___________ (wash hands, protective clothes) • 2) ___________ equipment (gamma rays, high temperatures) • 3) ___________ (chemicals for surfaces) • 4) ___________ (chemicals for skin)

  8. Defence against pathogens • White blood cells engulf pathogens – pathogen digested • 2) Produce antibodies – cause pathogens to clump together • 3) Produce antitoxins – neutralise poisons

  9. Vaccination – protects from future infections Injection of a small amount of _____ or_____ microbes into body Antigens on microbes cause production of ___________ Antibodies are present for a _______ response next time the microbes get in

  10. Vaccination – pros & cons Cons Vaccines don’t always _______ Can have a bad _______ Pros Vaccines help _______ infections Prevent _______ (big outbreaks of diseases)

  11. Using Antibiotics Antibiotics can be used to kill ___________. However, there are two problems: 1) Overuse of antibiotics can lead to bacteria ___________and becoming ___________(e.g. the MRSA “superbug”). This means that antibiotics must be used sparingly. 2) Antibiotics have no effect on a ___________, like the common cold. It is difficult to kill a virus without _________________________________. A virus is usually allowed to “run its course”.

  12. Aspirin Paracetamol Ibuprofen Using Painkillers Painkillers are drugs used to ___________the ___________of disease but without killing the pathogens, for example:

  13. The spread of infection Ignaz Semmelweiss 1818-1865 Guten tag. In the mid-19th century I realised that many _______ in hospitals could be _______ by insisting on _______ handsand _______ . As a result of my work deaths in my wards fell from 12% to 1%. More people die due to infections from hospitals than on the roads in Britain. Hospitals have been trying to improve hygiene standards:

  14. The nervous system – detects ___________in the ___________ Organ = _______ Stimulus = _______&________ Organ = ___________ Stimulus = ___________ Organ = ___________ Stimulus = ___ &___ Organ = _______ Stimulus = _____, _______&_________ Organ = ___________ Stimulus = _________

  15. The CNS • Central nervous system (CNS) made up of • ___________ • ___________(neurones) • ___________

  16. Neurones Carry ______ as electrical _______ from________ tothe___________ ___________ Tap on knee Receptor Pain receptor ___________ Relay neurone ___________ Effector leg muscle ___________ leg lifts up

  17. Synapses The ___________between two neurones is a ___________. A signal is sent across the gap by ___________. These ___________across and set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone.

  18. Hormones Hormones are ___________ produced in various ___________ in the body Carried in the ___________ Act in ___________ way Long acting ___________ messages

  19. Menstrual hormones _______ glandproduces _______ _______ _______ (FSH) and _______ _______ (LH) FSH – causes ________ to_______ & ovaries to _______ _______ LH – causes ___________ ___________ produce ___________ – inhibits_____ production

  20. Controlling Fertility Decreasing fertility Contraceptive pills contain ___________to inhibit ____ production stopping eggs from maturing. Increasing fertility _____injected to stimulate __________ of _________

  21. Plant hormones _______controls growth in response to light (_______), gravity (_______) and water (_______) Made in the tips of _______ and _______ Moves backwards to make the cells behind tip grow longer _______ growth in shoots, _______ growth in roots Roots grow _______ _______ Shoots grow _______ _______ Shoots grow _______ _______ _______ Roots grow _______ _______

  22. Homeostasis Homeostasis means “controlling internal conditions”:

  23. Recreational drugs _______ alcohol – _______(causes liver damage) nicotine – _______(causes high blood pressure) Statins – prescribed drug (lowers heart and _______ _______) _______ Antidepressants – reduce depression Amphetamines – stimulants (cause insomnia) Cocaine – _______(causes heart attacks) Barbiturates - sedative Heroin - painkiller Cannabis – _______drug

  24. Developing new drugs Before a new drug can be approved it has to go through a strict testing process. • Stage _______– substance like the tested drug. Has no effect _______ test patients don’t know what pill they are getting _______ _______ test doctors and patients don’t know what pill they are getting

  25. Mat Fraser, comedian and actor Tony Melendez, guitarist Thalidomide Prescribed to pregnant women for _______ _______ without having been tested. Caused _______ problems of _______ Now used for _______ treatment

  26. Adaptation Organisms are _______ to the _______ they live in. In other words, they have _______ features that help them to _______.

  27. Competition Any living species competes with each other. Animals compete for _______ _______, food, _______. Plants compete for _______, space, _______, _______ In addition to this competition, the population of a species can be affected by _______, _______, _______

  28. Measuring environmental change _______ cannot live where there is pollution so presence indicates _______ _______ _______ _______ cannot live where there is dirty water so presence indicates _______ _______ _______ cannot live where there is lots of oxygen so presence indicates _______ _______

  29. Cabbage Rabbit Stoat Fox Food chains A food chain shows _______ of _______ _______– makes own food from _______ _______– eats _______ _______– eats _______ _______ _______– eats other _______

  30. Cabbage Rabbit Stoat Fox Pyramids of biomass Show the living material (_______) at each stage of the food chain. _______ than it was at _______ stage.

  31. Cabbage Rabbit Stoat Fox Energy flow in a food chain 100% 10% 1% 0.1% Not all of the _______ energy that it is stored in the _______ will end up in the fox. Only around _______ %is passed on to the next stage in each food chain. Energy is lost at each stage due to _______, _______, _______ _______ and through _______

  32. Recycling ourselves _______ Eating Waste _______ _______ _______ Microbes break down _______ and _______ bodies Microbes need _______, _______ and _______

  33. The Carbon Cycle

  34. Variation _______ is the differences between individuals of the _______ species. Species can breed together to produce _______ _______ Variation is due to _______ or _______ causes.

  35. Genes and chromosomes _______ of cell contains _______. Chromosomes exist in pairs . Chromosomes carry _______ which control _______ A gene is a short length of chromosome but long length of _______

  36. Sexual Reproduction Characteristics inherited from parents due to genetic information being passed down in genes through gametes: The human _______ and _______ cell (“_______”) contain 23 chromosomes each. When _______ happens the gametes _______ together to make a single cell called a _______. The zygote has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) and contains information from each parent.

  37. Asexual Reproduction _______ parent cell makes a new cell by _______ in _______ No _______ of gametes No _______ of genes No genetic _______ Offspring are a _______

  38. Plants can reproduce _______. The offspring are genetically _______ to the parent plant and are called _______. 1) _______ cuttings. Cutting taken from parent plant and copies made 2) Tissue _______. Few plant cells removed and grown into new plants Cloning Plants

  39. Cloning Animals “Embryo transplants” – organisms _______, _______ develops, then _______ before cells specialise, _______ into host _______, clones develop

  40. Host mother Clone Cloning Animals Adult cell cloning – _______removed from _______ egg, _______ removed from _______ _______ _______ and placed into unfertilised egg. _______ shock to make egg divide, _______ implanted into host female, clone grows

  41. Genetic engineering _______ used to cut and paste genes to alter _______ Genes can be _______ into plants and animals _______ is a hormone produced by the pancreas to help control blood sugar levels. Diabetics can’t produce enough insulin and often need to inject it. Insulin can be made by genetic engineering:

  42. Evolution Evolution is the _______, continual change of organisms over a very long time. All living things on the Earth have developed from the first simple life forms that arrived 3,000,000,000 years ago. • One of the effects of evolution is that species will become better • _______ to their _______. If these species don’t adapt they • may become _______ due to being unable to deal with any of these • factors… • Increased _______ • Changes in the _______ • New _______ • New _______

  43. Natural selection • My key observations: • All living things produce more ______ than survive to adulthood • In spite of this, population sizes remain roughly _______ • _______ exists among species • _______ can be passed on from one generation to the next. • These observations led me to the • conclusion that species _______ over • a along period of time by a mechanism • called “_______ _______”. The main • Evidence for this is from _____ _____.

  44. Natural Selection 1) Each species shows variation: Get off my land • There is competition within each species for food, living space, water, mates etc Gutted! • The “better adapted” members of these species are more likely to survive – “Survival of the Fittest” Yum • These survivors will pass on their better genes to their offspring who will also show this beneficial variation.

More Related