You Know Him, You Love Him…

2. You Know Him, You Love Him… • BORN:  October 30, 1735; Quincy, Massachusetts • CHILDREN:  3 sons, 2 daughters *Son John Quincy Adams was 6th President • PROFESSION:  Attorney (Defended British soldiers after Boston Massacre) • POLITICAL PARTY:  Federalist • HOME STATE:  Massachusetts • POLITICAL OFFICES:  Delegate to Continental Congress, Signer of Declaration of Independence, Diplomat to France and Holland, Vice President • DIED:  July 4, 1826  (Age - 90) • LAST WORDS:  "Thomas Jefferson survives” • BURIED:  First Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts

3. Federalists vs. Republicans • As Madison stated in The Federalist, “Among the numerous advantages promised by a well constructed Union is its tendency to break and control the violence of faction.” • Disagreements between individuals such as Madison and the Washington administration actually led to divided parties of the Union • Federalism and Democratic Republicanism were born

4. Federalists • The Federalist Party was organized by people in the Washington administration, including Alexander Hamilton • Federalists favored the sharing of power between the states and the national government, but a strong central government was necessary • Federalists also favored a friendship with Britain, and opposed the French Revolution • Strongest support was from New England- merchants and property owners • Adams was a member of the Federalist party

5. Democratic Republicans • The Democratic Republican Party rose up against the Federalists, arguing especially for a minimalist central government and more individual powers and freedoms for ordinary citizens • Included such members as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson • Democratic Republicans were hostile towards the British and were sympathetic to the French Revolution • Strongest support was from southern planters and northern farmers • Originally called themselves “Federalists”, but after Hamilton’s declaration that he was a Federalist, they had to switch to another title. “Republican” suggests that the Federalists really supported a monarchy. Adams really did have more of a monarchial mindset.

6. The Election of 1796 • After two terms in office from 1789-1796, George Washington refused a third term; he was tired of criticism and was anxious to retire to Mount Vernon. • John Adams had been Washington’s vice president • Two individuals would be included on the electoral ballot; candidate with highest vote count would win the presidency, and the runner-up would be vice president

7. The Election of 1796, continued • The Federalist Party chose John Adams (Massachusetts) to follow Washington • Hamilton disagreed; he preferred Thomas Pinckney and attempted to sabotage his campaign by encouraging southerners to ignore Adams altogether and vote for Pinckney and another lesser candidate. News of this got out, however, and New England voters dropped Pinckney from the ballots. • Though nobody expected Adams to ultimately win, he received 71 electoral votes; followed by Thomas Jefferson, a republican who received 68 votes. • Adams became the second president of the United States; Jefferson was the vice president. Adams and Jefferson were of opposite parties, which would cause conflict throughout their term.

8. The XYZ Affair • Once Adams was in office, he was hit by the conflict between the United States and France. France was angered by Jay’s Treaty, and began intercepting and seizing American ships and their cargo • Adams sent an American delegation to France to settle the conflict • The delegation sent dispatches back to Adams that the French had indirectly demanded a bribe before they would negotiate

9. The XYZ Affair, continued • Adams released the dispatches to suspicious Democratic Republicans in 1798, but substituted the letters “X, Y, and Z” in the place of the names of the French negotiators (Hottinguer, Hauteval, and Bellamy)- thus the “XYZ Affair” • Adams refused to pay the bribe, and delegates are said to have replied, “No, not a sixpence.” This statement became inflated to cries of, “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!” • Adams popularity increase after the affair • An undeclared naval war began between U.S. and France, though both sides wished to avoid a declaration of war. A commercial agreement (Treaty of Mortefontaine/Convention of 1800) improved relations between the countries. “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”

10. Sedition Act passed by Congress-1797 • Sec. 1 If any person (s) try to oppose/impede any law or action made by the government, intimidate or prevent anyone from taking office or holding office, or tries to start a riot/mob/assembly to do malice against the government, will be charged of a high misdemeanor. • The court of the USA has the jurisdiction to fine the accused up to $5000 and to be imprisoned no less than six months, but no more than five years. • Sec. 2 if any one writes or aids in writing any slanderous material against the government by imposing a foreign power as better, stirring the will of the people against the government, or defames anyone in office can be finned up to $2000 and be jailed for up to 2 years. • Sec. 3 any person who will be imprisoned by this act can produce evidence in their defense and will be up to the jury to find the verdict. • The act will dissolved on March 3 1801 unless further passed.

11. Thomas Cooper • Was an English philosopher; made a citizen of U.S. in 1794. • Criticized the Sedition Act in the Northumberland Gazette, which he edited. • Was a good friend of Jefferson and an anti-federalist. • Tried in 1800 and found guilty because of his anti-federalist writing in the Northumberland Gazette. Was arrested for six months and fined $400. • After released in 1804, he was elected a judge in Northumberland.

12. _______ ___ _______ __________ • Virginia and Kentucky Resolves (1798) • Based strongly in Federalist vs. Anti-federalist conflict • Federalists pushed their hold to stronger measures with Alien and Sedition acts of 1798 under the reluctance of John Adams • Anti-federalists replied with Virginia and Kentucky Resolves • Jefferson wrote the Kentucky resolution, which states that if a state finds a law unconstitutional, the state can nullify it. • Madison wrote the Virginia compromise, which states that if a state finds a law unconstitutional the state does not have to follow the law. • Rallied American behind Thomas Jefferson to win against the incumbent who passed the V+ K Resolves in the election of 1800 

13. The Impeachment of Samuel Chase • Chase was served with 6 articles of impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1804, over Chase's handling of the trial of John Fries. • The Jeffersonian Republican-controlled Senate began an impeachment trial against Justice Chase in early 1805. • He was charged with political bias, but was acquitted by the Senate of all charges on March 1, 1805. • Up until present, Samuel Chase is the only Supreme Court Justice to be impeached.

14. Last-minute appointments of judges made by United States President John Adams to the Judicial Branch just before the end of his presidential term in 1801. The Federalist-controlled Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801, which created sixteen federal judgeships. Adams appointed Federalists who opposed the Democratic-Republican principles of his successor, Thomas Jefferson. Many of the papers were signed just before midnight as a gesture of antagonism toward Jefferson, who called the men "Midnight Judges." Jefferson did not want to recognize the appointments, eventually leading to the repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801 and the landmark Marbury v. Madison case.

15. Adams Worked to improve nation. Did not believe in a standing army because he was afraid Hamilton would try to conquer new world. Believed in national banking only, not private banks like Hamilton because they stole money from commoners. Did not believe in neutrality with no alliance. Believed that America could avoid all foreign conflicts while still having mercantilism and fishing. Was targeted for not supporting the war with France and lost support from party/ was disowned by party. Called a hot head who would rant and loose his temper quickly. Lost second election because of the hatred spewed by Hamilton Hamilton Worked to improve Federalist party Would have readily taken a standing army to invade the new world Believed in banking because it generated money for the nation (also, himself) Believed in an alliance with Britain. Believed in war to gain power for the nation and to make America stand out. Purposely went on a personal campaign against Adams for not going to war with France by writing slanderous works against him. Called a person whom only wants to establish a monarchy and give himself king status. Secured the fact that Adams would never become president again, but also sealed the fate of the Federalist party, for it never won the Executive Branch again. Adams VS Hamilton

16. The Election of 1800 • The election of 1800 was the Jeffersonians versus the Federalists • Issues over domestic and states rights were disputed • The New York legislature became dominated by supporters of Jefferson, who obtained 12 key electoral votes. • However the Democratic-Republicans made the mistake of assigning the same number of electoral votes to both Jefferson as Burr. • The election was turned over to the House of Representatives. • The House deliberated from February 11th to February 17th and voted 36 times. • Federalists had decided to support Burr, thinking he would be the lesser of two evils; constitution called for the election of President by the House to be on a state-by-state basis • On the 36th ballot, Jefferson was selected