Classification and Taxonomy

1. Angler Classification and Taxonomy Hooded seal – inflatable skull hood and nasal balloon, when aroused angered or showing off

2. Feather Star Crab • More than 2.5 million organisms have been identified • More than 20 million may be left unidentified (eg. Insects in rain forests, deep sea creatures) Six –wired bird of paradise Squat Crab Unidentified mongoose in Tanzania Undescribed species of honeyeater in New Guinea

3. The Diversity of Life • How many species of organisms on earth? but first.… What’s a species?

4. Species • Species is a group of organisms that look alike and can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring • Horses with horses, dogs with dogs, etc. • Same number of chromosomes with similar shaped chromosomes Donkey x Horse • Results in: a mule • Therefore, are donkeys and horses the same species? • but.... Mules are sterile...

5. Male and female members are observed in a natural population. If they are of the same species, they A.are closely similar in appearance B.produce offspring which can and do interbreed C.have the same food requirements D.occupy the same ecological niche • ANS: B

6. Two animals are probably the same species if: A.their offspring can have offspring B.they resemble their ancestors in their general appearance C.the resemble each other in food habits and appearance D.they each can have offspring • ANS: A

7. Horses and zebras are not considered to be members of the same species because they: A.have different markings B.eat different food C.horses are larger than zebras D.do not interbreed • ANS: D

8. Species is a group of organisms that look alike and can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring

9. How many species on Earth? • Surprisingly, we have a better understanding of how many stars there are in the galaxy than how many species there are on Earth. • Estimates of global species diversity have varied from 2 million to 100 million species, with a best estimate of somewhere near 10 million. • Only 1.4 million have actually been named. The problems stemming from the limits of current knowledge of species diversity are compounded by the lack of a central database or list of the world's species.

10. Carolus Linnaeus • The Father of Taxonomy. • His system for naming, ranking and classifying organisms is still in wide use today. • Swedish botanist developed naming system called: Binomial nomenclature • As a basis for classifying living things, Linnaeus primarily usedmorphology

11. Binomial nomenclature • Is a two-part scientific name given for each species: • Ie. Red maple = common name Acer rubrum = scientific name Genus species A scientific name should be italicized or underlined with the genus capitalized and the species in lowercase 1. The advantage of a scientific name is that it: refers to a single species

12. Linnaeus after naming organisms, grouped them based on shared body structures and other characteristics he found important. Modern groupings are based on a phylogenetic system which tried to group organisms according to their evolutionary relationships, so that species that are closely related are grouped together.

13. Scientists classify organisms because: • It makes it convenient for finding organisms in the wild and identifying them. • They are searching for order in the universe. • It can indicate the degree of ancestral relationship between different species.

14. We have also begun classifying by similarities in DNA, RNA or amino acid sequences of proteins. This is called Biochemical Taxonomy. Kiwi (New Zealand) – flightless bird, big temper, sensitive beak

15. Taxonomy • The science of naming organisms and assigning them to these groups • Taxa (singular is taxon) = groups into which organisms are classified; eg. Species would be considered a taxon.

16. Organisms today are grouped into one of 6 Kingdoms, which are subdivided into other groups; the taxa are as follows: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

17. Classification System Each and every species can now be classified by this system: • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

18. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

19. MEMORIZE 1 EXAMPLE!!!

21. The Kingdoms of Life • Linnaeus created 2 Kingdoms • What’s missing? • Today it is common to use 6 Kingdoms Animals Plants Fungi Protists Bacteria Archaea Bacteria (ancient bacteria)

22. The 5 Kingdoms of Life

23. The 5 Kingdom classification system • 3. Mode of Nutrition • Absorptive • Autotrophic • Heterotrophic • Saprophytic • Parasitic • 4. Reproductive Strategy • Asexual • Sexual • CELL TYPE • Eukaryotic • Prokaryotic • CELL NUMBER • Unicellular • Multicellular Betty White Rap

24. Two organsims are members of the same class. This means they: A.may be members of the same kingdom B.must be members of the same family C. may be members of the same phylum D.none of the above • ANS: D

25. A multicellular eukaryotic, heterotrophic organism that ingests its food would be in which kingdom? A.Plant B.Animal C.Protista D.Monera • ANS: B PTS: 1

26. Dichotomous key • A means to identify organisms using a series of paired, contrasting statements, • "Dichotomous" means, "divided into two parts." • Therefore, dichotomous keys always offer two choices for each step, each of which describes key characteristics of a particular organism or group of organisms.

27. Example Key for a Fictitious Organism (Questions 39 – 40) 1a. teeth (2) 1b. no teeth (4) 2a. feet (3) 2b. no feet C. freakus 3a. antennae C. squattus 3b. no antennae C. unibodus 4a. two eyes (5) 4b. more than two eyes (6) 5a. horn C. partyus 5b. no horn C. mythus 6a. lips C. hairius 6b. no lips C. roostus • 1. Use the key to identify the unknown organism. a. C. partyus b. C. hairius c. C. roostus d. C. mythus • 2. If the organism had teeth, feet and no antennae what would it be? a. C. squattus b. C. unibodus c. C. freakus d. C. mythus

28. Phylogenetic tree (cladogram) • Is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor. • Phylogenies are useful for organizing knowledge of biological diversity, for structuring classifications, and for providing insight into events that occurred during evolution. • Furthermore, because these trees show descent from a common ancestor, and because much of the strongest evidence for evolution comes in the form of common ancestry, one must understand phylogenies in order to fully appreciate the overwhelming evidence supporting the theory of evolution.