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Bronchail asthma. bronchial asthma. In this topic we are going to talk about: * Definition of the disease * Signs &symptoms * Clinical manifestations *Pathophysiology *Nursing diagnoses * Complications *Pharmacology therapy. *Prevention. definition of the disease.
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Bronchail asthma bronchial asthma
In this topic we are going to talk about: * Definition of the disease * Signs &symptoms * Clinical manifestations *Pathophysiology *Nursing diagnoses * Complications *Pharmacology therapy. *Prevention.
definition of the disease Is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway that causes: 1-Airway inflammation 2-Airway hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli such as a virus, allergen or exercise 3-Airway obstruction or narrowing that is reversible, with treatment or spontaneously.
Signs &symptoms This inflammation ultimately leads to recurrent episodes of asthma symptoms 1-cough 2-chest tightness 3-wheezing 4-dyspnea
Clinical manifestations -Symptoms are often worse at night or in the early morning, or in response to exercise or cold air. Some people with asthma only rarely experience symptoms, usually in response to triggers, where as other may have marked persistent airflow obstruction. -In some instances cough may be the only symptom and some times it is with or without mucus production.
-at times the mucus is so tightly wedge in the narrowed airway that the pt cannot cough it up. There may be generalized wheezing . -first on expiration and then may be during inspiration .generalized chest tightness and dyspnea occur.
Pathophysiology is the study of the changes of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease, or resulting from an abnormal syndrome.
The bronchi and bronchioles are very responsive to irritants, leading to contraction of the smooth muscle (bronchoconstriction), inflammation with edema (swelling), and increased secretion of thick mucous. These changes can block the airways, totally or partially, and interfere with the air flow and oxygen supply. the allergic reaction causes release of chemical mediators like histamine that causes the bronchospasms, edema and increased mucous secretion
Nursing diagnoses *ineffective airway clearance related to increased mucous production and bronchospasm. *anxiety related to breathlessness *high risk for ineffective breathing pattern related to increased work of breathing hypoxemia and impeding respiratory failure.
Assessment can be found #Dyspnea during exhalation. #Anxiety – hypoxia – can’t breathe. #Tachypnea. #Non-productive cough. #Expiratory wheezes. #Accessory muscle use. Abdominal muscle use to aid in exhalation.
Complications Complications of asthma may include *respiratory failure* pneumonia* Airway obstruction. Particularly during asthmatic episodes. Often results in hypoxemia. Requiring the administration of oxygen and monitoring of pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases.
Fluid are administered because people with asthma are frequently dehydrated from diaphoresis and insensible fluid loss with hyperventilation.
pharmacology therapy *quick –relief medication Short acting beta2adrenergic agonists Ventolin: used to relax smooth muscle and prevention of exercise-induced asthma.
Long acting control medication Corticosteroids: are the most potent and anti-inflammatory medications: improving airway functions.
Prevention -pt with recurrent asthma should undergo tests to identify the substances that precipitate the symptoms. -possible causes are: *dust *certain types of cloth *horses *soaps *certain foods. -if the attacks are seasonal pollens can be strongly suspected.
