Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Human Body Orientation

2. What is Anatomy and Physiology? • Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts. • Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. Some specializations within each of these sciences follow: • Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones. • Histology is the study of tissues at the microscopic level. • Cytology is the study of cells at the microscopic level.

3. Anatomy • Study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another • Gross Anatomy – studying large body structures – easy to see • Microscopic anatomy – studying small parts of the body – microscopic Ex. Cells and tissues

4. Physiology • The study of how the body and its parts work or function • Neurophysiology – explain how the nervous system works • Cardiac physiology – studies the function of the heart

5. Anatomy and physiology are always related. The parts form a well organized unit. • Structure determines function.

6. Ways to Study Anatomy • Regional Anatomy – study one region of the body at a time and learn everything about the region • Systemic Anatomy – study one body system at a time. This is the approach we will use in this course

7. Levels of Structural Oranization • Atoms  molecules  cells  Tissue  organ  organ system  organism • Molecules – water • Cell – smallest unit of living things • Tissue – groups of cells with similar functions • Organ – structure composed of 2+ tissues

9. A. The Integumentary System - Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands B. The Skeletal System - Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for muscles, blood cells formed within bones, stores minerals C. The Muscular System - Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat

10. J. The Respiratory System - Keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs K. The Digestive System - Breaks down food into absorbable units, indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces L. The Urinary System - Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance M. Reproductive System - Overall function is to produce offspring, testes produce sperm and male sex hormones, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, mammary glands produce milk

11. D. The Nervous System - Fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external changes F. The Endocrine System - Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism G. The Cardiovascular System - Blood vessels transport blood, carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, also carries nutrients and wastes, heart pumps blood through blood vessels H. The Lymphatic System - Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, disposes of debris in the lymphatic system, houses white blood cells (lymphocytes), mounts attack against foreign substances in the body produce milk

13. Homeostasis A characteristic of all living systems is homeostasis, or the maintenance of stable, internal conditions within specific limits. In many cases, stable conditions are maintained by negative feedback. In negative feedback, a sensing mechanism (a receptor) detects a change in conditions beyond specific limits. A control center, or integrator (often the brain), evaluates the change and activates a second mechanism (an effector) to correct the condition; for example, cells that either remove or add glucose to the blood in an effort to maintain homeostasis are effectors. Conditions are constantly monitored by receptors and evaluated by the control center. When the control center determines that conditions have returned to normal, corrective action is discontinued. Thus, in negative feedback, the variant condition is canceled, or negated, so that conditions are returned to normal.

14. Chapter 3 Body Tissues

15. Four Types: • Epithelium – covering • Connective – support • Nervous – control • Muscle - movement

16. Epithelial tissue • Lines and covers all free body surfaces

19. Simple Squamous

20. Special Characteristics of Connective Tissue • Variations in blood supply • Extra-cellular matrix Matrix – secreted by the cells - non-living substances Ex. – blood, fat, bone

21. Connective Tissue • Connects body parts • Found everywhere Functions – protection, support, binding together

23. Muscle Tissue • Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement Types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

25. Nervous Tissue • Neurons • Highly specialized to receive and transmit impulses

26. The Eleven Organ Systems

27. 1. Integumentary System – Skin – Covers the body Functions – a. Waterproofs b. Cushions and protects c. Perspiration – excretes salts and urea d. Regulates body temperature e. Temperature, pressure, pain receptors

28. Special Characteristics of Epithelium • Fit closely together to form sheets • One surface or edge if free and the other attaches to a basement membrane • No blood supply • Regenerate easily

29. Classification of Epithelium Two Names • Number of cell layers • Simple – one • Stratified – 1+

30. Shape a. Squamous – flattened like fish scales b. Cuboidal – cube shape c. Columnar – shaped like columns

31. Organs – hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (oil)

32. 2. Skeletal System Functions – a. Support – store minerals b. Framework for muscles – aids movement c. Protective – ex. Skull d. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells

33. Organs – bones, ligaments, joints and cartilage

34. 3. Muscular System Functions • Muscles contract and cause movement • Primary source of body heat Organs – Skeletal muscles

35. 4. Nervous System • Fast acting control system Functions – allows the body to respond to irritants and stimuli Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs

36. 5. Endocrine System Functions • Controls body activities – slow • Produces chemical molecules – Hormones • Hormones released in blood and travel to distant organs • Hormones control growth, reproduction and food

37. 6. Cardiovascular System Functions • Blood vessels, transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste Organs – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood Blood vessels are in red

38. Lymphatic System (Immune System) • Complements the cardiovascular system Functions – returns fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels Organs – lymph fluids, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

39. Lymph nodes • Cleanses blood • Houses cells involved in immunity

40. 8. Respiratory System Functions • Keeps body supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Organs: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Lungs- tiny air sacs where gas exchange with the blood occurs

41. 9. Digestive System • Tube from mouth to anus Functions: a. Breaks down food b. Products to the blood for dispersal

42. Organs • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Intestines (small and large), rectum • Liver – produces bile to break down fats • Pancreas – digestive enzymes for small intestines

43. 10. Urinary System Functions – a. Removes nitrogen wastes from the blood, exits body through urine b. Maintains the balance of water, salt, acid-base Organs – kidneys, ureters, bladder urethra

44. 11. Reproductive System Male – sperm – testes Organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system

45. Female – eggs – ovary Organs – uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

46. Maintaining Life

47. The highly organized human body does: • Maintains boundaries • Responds to environmental changes – Irritability • Takes in and digests nutrients • Carry out metabolism • Dispose of wastes • Reproduce • Grow

48. The highly organized human body is able to carry out the 7characteristics.

49. The Seven Characteristics of Life • Maintaining Boundaries – cell membrane Body System - Integumentary

50. Movement Body System – muscular system