1 / 57

Approaches to Welfare

Approaches to Welfare. agenda. Overview of history presentation and meeting group members Time capsule, blast from the past – intractable issues. List the 4 items mentioned in Daschle Speech Are those issues still important now? Competing Approaches to solving them.

rhonda-cook
Télécharger la présentation

Approaches to Welfare

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Approaches to Welfare

  2. agenda • Overview of history presentation and meeting group members • Time capsule, blast from the past – intractable issues. • List the 4 items mentioned in Daschle Speech • Are those issues still important now? • Competing Approaches to solving them

  3. Review: what are the 4 areas of social welfare? • Today: • What are the 5 mechanisms/approaches for providing social welfare? • Newscast • Comparative Welfare States

  4. Time Capsule: 2004 State of the Union Address • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFcw6tewx_c • Begins 5 min in • http://audio.pbs.org:8080/ramgen/newshour/expansion/2004/01/20/dems.rm?altplay=dems.rm • http://www.archive.org/details/2004_SOTU_DemResp • Video: http://www.house.gov/pelosi/press/releases/Jan04/STOU_Response012004.html

  5. ARRA- Stimulus Funds Hiring Tax Credits Cash for Clunkers 4 Principle Areas Invest to Innovate Fund (I-3) Race to the Top Income Maintenance/ Economy, Jobs and Poverty Education Health (& Nutrition) Social Insurance (Social Security) Universal Healthcare reform Social Security Reform

  6. Now that we have a sharedunderstanding of what social welfare policy is in some concrete forms, let’s look at the primary ways in which it is accomplished.Even if all agree on the problems, much debate remains over the best way (approach/Mechanism) for a solution. Or Super Powers Think Mechanisms or Approaches

  7. THE 5 COMPETING APPROACHES Western Societies Rely on to Structure Social Welfare Programs I. Social Insurance II. Means-Tested Programs of Cash or Provider Payments III. Employer Mandates IV. Tax Expenditures V. Universal programs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers http://trucks.about.com/library/bl/bl_ford_rosie.htm http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/RH/rhhome.stm http://captain-america.us/comicbookwallpaper.htm Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx http://www.house.gov/budget/waste.htm

  8. Video Clip: White Collar Workers Unemployed • Digital Clip • In an age of global economy, outsourcing and offshoring • Given context of Shulman’s focus on Low-wage workers (blue-collar) • How might welfare state also serve white collar workers?

  9. THE 5 COMPETING APPROACHES: I. Social Insurance examples: • Old Age, (Social Security) • Survivors and Disability Insurance • Hospital Insurance (Medicare part A) • Unemployment Insurance • Displaced Workers Insurance?? A proposal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994)

  10. I. Social Insurance: 7 Characteristics that Vary by Program and Nation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers • Compulsory Participation: Most people participating because its a legal requirement. • Government Sponsorship: Gvt creates and supervises but doesn’t necessarily manage it. • Contributory Finance: worker’s contribution usually a fixed % of their income • Eligibility derived from prior contributions: have to contribute for a minimum period, also makes family eligible • Benefits Prescribed by Law: all “entitled” get them, little administrative discretion • Benefits not directly related to contributions: poor get proportionally more than they put in. • Separate accounting and long-range financing plan: contributions are earmarked, sent to a fund. Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994)

  11. Your Area: Security/Retirement Party: _________ ________ Bush Daschle What they suggest: Problems Solutions

  12. THE 5 COMPETING APPROACHES Western Societies Rely on to Structure Social Welfare Programs I. Social Insurance II. Means-Tested Programs of Cash or Provider Payments III. Employer Mandates IV. Tax Expenditures V. Universal programs Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994)

  13. THE 5 COMPETING APPROACHES: II. Means-Tested Programs of Cash or Provider Payments examples: • TANF • Supplemental Security Income (SSI) • Food Stamps (FS) • Medicaid http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/RH/rhhome.stm Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994)

  14. Your Area: Health Party: _________ ________ Bush Daschle What they suggest: Problems Solutions

  15. II. Means-Tested Programs: Common Characteristics • Paid to claimants who demonstrate limited economic resources. • Not dependent on whether claimants have had prior earnings or have ever paid taxes. • Does not link eligibility for benefits to prior economic behavior. • Assistance can be concentrated on the few who need it the most. • Financed from government general revenues. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/RH/rhhome.stm Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994)

  16. THE 5 COMPETING APPROACHES: III. Employer Mandates examples: • Workers Compensation Insurance, mandated in some states • Health Insurance in Hawaii http://trucks.about.com/library/bl/bl_ford_rosie.htm Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994)

  17. III. Employer Mandates : Common Characteristics • Employers required to provide or finance specific social welfare benefits for their employees. • Eligibility for benefits is based on employment • Participation is compulsory • Benefits financed primarily from employer and employee contributions • Benefits are financed according to an explicit plan • A minimum benefit package usually specified • Not redistributive, workers benefit commensurate with what they pay in. http://trucks.about.com/library/bl/bl_ford_rosie.htm Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994)

  18. Not mentioned but currently debated: • Should employers be required to provide health insurance to all employees? • If so, how big does an employer need to be (i.e. how many employees) before it is required?

  19. THE 5 COMPETING APPROACHES: IV. Tax Expenditures examples • tax policy (regressive or progressive) • Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) • STAR Home Owner Tax Credit • Childcare tax credit http://www.house.gov/budget/waste.htm Tax incentives to create Jobs Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994)

  20. IV. Tax Expenditures: Common Characteristics • Tax incentives to create jobs. • Employers encouraged, not required to provide or finance social welfare benefits for their employees. • Benefits employers offer are partially or fully exempted from their taxable income. • Think about it: A tax break is theoretically equivalent to a tax expenditure. http://captain-america.us/comicbookwallpaper.htm Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994)

  21. Your Area: Economy/Income/Jobs/Poverty Party: _________ ________ Bush Daschle What they suggest: Problems Solutions

  22. THE 5 COMPETING APPROACHES: V. Universal programs examples: • Public Education in the United States • Healthcare and Old Age Pensions in Canada • Zuberi Differences that matter… http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx http://captain-america.us/comicbookwallpaper.htm Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994)

  23. V. Universal programs: Common Characteristics • Provide Social Welfare benefits to all Legal Residents. • Benefits prescribed by law. • Participation is compulsory. • Financed from General Revenues (not earmarked funds) • Eligibility tied to residence, not employment history or past contributions. • No separate finance plan from other types of government expenditures. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx http://captain-america.us/comicbookwallpaper.htm Source: Lawrence H. Thompson (1994)

  24. Your Area: Education Party: _________ ________ Bush Daschle What they suggest: Problems Solutions

  25. Now a Quiz, Family Feud, Come on Down, 2 teams

  26. Lawrence H. Thompson (1994) “The Roles of Social Insurance, Tax Expenditures, Mandates and Means-Testing” Social Welfare Policy at the Crossroads.

  27. Where we left off- Remind us what Governments spend their money on?

  28. Recap- from Lab 1

  29. ARRA- Stimulus Funds Hiring Tax Credits Cash for Clunkers 4 Principle Areas Invest to Innovate Fund (I-3) Race to the Top Income Maintenance/ Economy, Jobs and Poverty Education Health (& Nutrition) Social Insurance (Social Security) Universal Healthcare reform Social Security Reform

  30. Get into your groups for the following exercise

  31. Social Policy and Framework for Understanding The Welfare State Corresponds with Jansson Chapter 2

  32. Social Policy • Collective strategy to address social problems. • Includes policies which governments use for welfare and social protection. • It is fashioned by 6 components (See Jansson) which are enactments that affect or bind the actions of: • Citizens • Government Officials • Professionals • The staff of social agencies Source: Jansson and http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/socpolf.htm

  33. Policy, Social Policy, & Social Welfare Policy in Relation to Each Other PUBLIC POLICIES SOCIAL POLICIES SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES • Source: Katz MSU

  34. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Social Policy Strategy • Stations around the Room: • U.S. Constitution • Americans with Disabilities Act or ADEA • Affirmative Action Michigan Case • Presidential Budget • Preamble to PRWORA • NYS TANF Manual • MDRC Book

  35. For Each: • 1. Identify it. • 2. What is it about, what does it do? • 3. Which of the 6 aspects Jansson identifies is it? Hint I added a 7th. • 4.Why is it important to overall social policy.

  36. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Social Policy Strategy • Constitutions • Public policies • Court decisions • Budget and spending programs • Stated or implied objectives • Rules, Procedures, and Regulations • (Evaluation)?

  37. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Social Policy Strategy • Constitutions • what the federal gvt can and cannot do • Public policies • legislation or acts of congress • Court decisions • overrule, uphold, or interpret legislation • Budget and spending programs • what initiatives actually get $

  38. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Social Policy Strategy • Stated or implied objectives • preamble to laws convey purposes • Rules, Procedures, and Regulations • tell agency staff how to implement • (Evaluation)? • Tells policy makers what works

  39. Describing Policy Changes Over Time • Policy Direction: • An era that describes the general nature of policies enacted then. (Can Refer to Starobin) • Conservative, liberal etc. (will discuss shortly) • Substance: • General strategies favored by decision makers • Which of the 5 mechanisms used? • Regulatory/minimum standards • Redistributive/ameliorate resource inequality • Cash vs. Services • Intensity: • The rate of policy activity • Few vs. many

  40. Now that we are familiar with:1. what the Welfare State is2. Its 4 major areas3. Its 5 main types of approaches/mechanismsWe can review the ideologies that often lead to preferences of what areas to focus on, and how (i.e. by which mechanisms)** These ideal types will help us in thinking of the US WS comparatively and in understanding the history of the “Reluctant Welfare State.”

  41. Reading Q # 4 What are the 4 different ideologies profiled by Jansson? Ideal Types • Libertarians • Conservatives • Liberals • Radicals • 8 grps of 3 or 4, guess ideology then unite a’s and b’s to see if they match and decide on final answer.

  42. 1a A CONSERVATIVE PERSPECTIVE “MY CONCLUSION IS …[THAT] IN ADDITION TO ITS STRONG MORAL BASE IN PERSONAL FREEDOM, CAPITALISM AND COMPETITIVE MARKETS WORK TO DELIVER SUBSTANTIAL ECONOMIC PROGRESS;…BUREAUCRATIC WELFARE STATE[S] DO NOT WORK. THEY SAP INDIVIDUAL INCENTIVE, INITIATIVE AND CREATIVITY AND ULTIMATELY CANNOT DELIVER SUFFICIENTLY RISING STANDARDS OF LIVING TO MEET THE EXPECTATIONS OF THEIR CITIZENS….” MICHAEL BOSKIN CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS DURING THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION • Source: Katz MSU

  43. 1b CONSERVATIVES • XXX’s argue that, especially in its more advanced European forms, the WS has become a dangerous anachronism. By requiring high taxes, the WS deprives society of needed investment resources and saddles employers with workers who feel that they are “owed” a living---by the state if not by the boss! • XXX’s concede that the WS may once have been fiscally tolerable (if never politically or economically desirable) but argue that it should now be dismantled because its extravagances are unsustainable in our age of intensified global competition. Indeed advanced nations that continue to adhere to old-style “welfarism” risk permanent inferiority within the emerging postindustrial division of labor. • XXX’s believe, that federal government in welfare is not good, however, involvement in international policy and in supporting business through subsidies etc. is good. • Source: Katz MSU

  44. 2 a A LIBERAL PERSPECTIVE “I’m often asked if I’m a XXX, and I say, ‘Well, if Jack Kennedy was a XXX or… Franklin Roosevelt was a XXX, then I’m a XXX.’ This is not 1960, and it’s not 1932. We’re in a completely different world than then. But I believe in opportunity, and I believe in…fairness. The only way this country prospers is if everybody is sharing in the prosperity. I think my party has uniquely stood for that…,where government can be an active partner with the private sector in moving the country forward….” RICHARD GEPHARDT DEMOCRATIC LEADER, US HOUSE OF REPRESENATIVES. • Source: Katz MSU

  45. 2 b LIBERALS • XXX support a moderately high level of social services, but tend to favor equality of opportunity more than equality of social condition. They do believe that society has a duty to help the poor and oppressed, and to make appropriate arrangements for the young and elderly, but they would not go as far as social democrats and other radicals in the pursuit of these goals. • Many XXX also believe that the educated elite should lead society and that the power of rational persuasion (“ideas” again) are sufficient to convince voters of the moral correctness of their aims; they are thus “idealists” in the strictly philosophical sense of the term. • The dominant political ideology during certain periods of 20th century American history, classic reform XXX reached its high tide during the Johnson years (1963 - 68). While still strongly supported by minorities, intellectuals, femininists, and various other groups, XXX has essentially been on the defensive ever since. Indeed, the “X” word is now often shunned even by XXX’s themselves, who are afraid of alienating voters. Many XXX’s accordingly now prefer to be called “progressives.” That has not increased their electoral popularity, however. • Source: Katz MSU

  46. 3 a A RADICAL PERSPECTIVE “THE CENTRAL QUESTION…IS WHETHER AND UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES THE CLASS DIVISIONS AND SOCIAL INEQUALITIES PRODUCED BY CAPITALISM CAN BE UNDONE BY [LEGISLATIVE] DEMOCRACY.” GOSTA ESPING-ANDERSEN RADICAL WELFARE STATE ANALYST • Source: Katz MSU

  47. 3 b RADICALS • To understand the WS, XX’s contend you must first understand the relative political strength of the principal classes (“forces”) in capitalist society:---on the one hand, the asset-owning rich (“capitalists”) and the top managers who work directly for them; on the other, ordinary wage - dependent workers in potential political alliance with the “new middle class” of technical/professional workers. • Distinct social classes can have distinctly different perceptions of their interests and, hence, different attitudes towards social welfare programs and the Welfare State. Blue-collar workers may well look to the WS for socially – financed protections against the uncertainties of life under capitalism, whereas owners see the WS as blocking their quest for a “free market” system in which worker resistance & government intervention are minimized. • XX’s thus view politics largely in terms of coalition-building, since failure to form such alliances means that, as in the US, the WS is likely to be limited. • Source: Katz MSU

  48. 4 a A LIBERTARIAN PERSPECTIVE IMAGINE AN AMERICA WHERE CHILDREN HAVE ACCESS TO A BROAD SPECTRUM OF WORLD-CLASS EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES. WHERE SCHOOLS SPARK THE IMAGINATION AND TEACH THE FUNDAMENTALS— CONSISTENT WITH YOUR VALUES. IMAGINE AN AMERICA WHERE POLITICIANS DON’T DOLE OUT BILLIONS OF TAX DOLLARS TO WEALTHY COMPANIES LIKE GENERAL MOTORS, AT&T, AND EXXON. WHERE THE RICH NEVER GET RICHER WITH YOUR TAX MONEY. IS THAT THE KIND OF AMERICA YOU WANT TO LIVE IN?…. IT’S TIME TO KICK RONALD MCDONALD OFF WELFARE. THE RED-HAIRED CLOWN IS THE MASCOT FOR MCDONALDS -THE FAST-FOOD CORPORATION THAT RUNS 30,000 RESTAURANTS IN 121 COUNTRIES AND EARNS $40 BILLION A YEAR IN REVENUE. BUT EVEN AS MCDONALDS RAKES IN MASSIVE PROFITS, IT’S ALSO CASHING WELFARE CHECKS FROM THE GOVERNMENT. A FEW YEARS AGO, POLITICIANS GAVE THE CORPORATION $1.6 MILLION TO HELP IT ADVERTISE BIG MACS IN EUROPE....IT’S CALLED CORPORATE WELFARE, AND IT’S HOW DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN POLITICIANS ENRICH THEIR BIG-BUSINESS FRIENDS — AT TAXPAYERS’ EXPENSE. Libertarian Viewpoint Newsletter, Issue 1 Volume 1. Source: http://www.lp.org/services/files/libviewpdf.pdf

More Related