Robert D. Lifset Joe C. and Carole Kerr McClendon Honors College University of Oklahoma

1. The Need for a Political Roadmap: The Story of American Energy Conservation Policy Since the 1970’s Robert D. Lifset Joe C. and Carole Kerr McClendon Honors College University of Oklahoma The Role of Energy Policy in Energy Transitions Energy Transitions and Society John E. Sawyer Seminars on the Comparative Study of Cultures Boston University January 28, 2011

2. Source: National Archives and Records Administration, ARC number 555518 and 555474

3. Source: National Archives and Records Administration, ARC number 550092

4. Source: Energy Information Administration/ Annual Energy Review 2009. Figure 5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-2009 Petroleum Overview

5. Source: Energy Information Administration/ Annual Energy Review 2009. Figure 5.13a Estimated Petroleum Consumption by Sector Estimated Petroleum Consumption by Sector

6. CAFÉ- Corporate Average Fuel Economy • the sales-weighted average fuel economy of a manufacturer's fleet of current model year passenger cars or light trucks, manufactured for sale in the United States • set mandatory fuel economy standards for new cars and small trucks after the 1977 model year (MY) • 18 miles per gallon (MPG) for 1978 MY with gradual increases leading to 27.5 mpg for 1985 MY • A company could sell cars that did not meet the new standards, so long as it sold a compensating number that got better mileage, to bring the company’s average up to the requirement. • if a manufacturer does not meet the standard it is liable for a civil penalty of $5.50 for each 0.10 mpg its fleet average falls below the standard, multiplied by the number of vehicles sold in a given model year and reduced by the number of credits available to the manufacturer • Credits are earned when a manufacturer more than attains the standard in any model year and may be banked or borrowed for 3 years on a rolling basis.

7. Source: Energy Information Administration/ Annual Energy Review 2009. Figure 2.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates Motor Vehicle Fuel Rates

9. Ford Pinto

10. New Light Vehicle Market Shares by EPA Size Class, 1975–2005 Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 through 2005, July 2005

11. Some of the Energy Conservation Programs ended by the Reagan Administration • solar energy research and development • wind energy and ocean thermal development • research on electric vehicles and methane fueled transport • residential energy efficiency • energy conservation for commercial buildings • consumer education on energy conservation • small scale hydro-electric projects • energy audits by public utilities

12. Crude oil prices since 1861 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2009 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2007

13. Source: Energy Information Administration/ Annual Energy Review 2009. Figure 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type Petroleum Imports by Type

14. “Conservation might be a sign of personal virtue, but it is not a sufficient basis for a sound, comprehensive energy policy.” Vice-President Dick Cheney April 3, 2001.

15. Source: Energy Information Administration/ Monthly Energy Review, December 2010. Figure 3.3a Petroleum Trade Overview Petroleum Trade Overview

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