1 / 57

Diagnostic Imaging: Introduction

Diagnostic Imaging: Introduction. Contents. Conventional Radiography Computed Tomography Ultrasonography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nuclear Medicine. Conventional Radiography . Fluoroscopy Mammography Contrast Studies. Contrast Studies. Barium suspensions

Télécharger la présentation

Diagnostic Imaging: Introduction

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Diagnostic Imaging: Introduction

  2. Contents • Conventional Radiography • Computed Tomography • Ultrasonography • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Nuclear Medicine

  3. Conventional Radiography • Fluoroscopy • Mammography • Contrast Studies

  4. Contrast Studies • Barium suspensions • Intravenous urography (IVU) • Hysterosalpingography • Angiography • myelography • fistulography • sialography • galactography • cholangiography

  5. discovery of x-rays by Roentgen. • The bones appear white on the developed plate, in contrast to the surrounding darker appearing flesh. • degree of transparency is based on the density of the material.

  6. classification of radiologic subspecialties • Organ based include musculoskeletal, breast, neurologic, abdominal, gastrointestinal, thoracic, and genitourinary imaging. (Chest/Bones & Joints / Abdomen / Head and Spine) • Modality based include Ultrasound, PET, and MR imaging • Subspecialty fields include pediatric imaging and women's imaging.

  7. Conventional Radiography

  8. Conventional radiography remains a fundamental tool in the detection and diagnosis of disease presenting in the chest , abdomen, pelvis, breasts, and bones.

  9. Standard posteroanterior chest X-ray. A tumor (T) is seen at the left hilum.

  10. Fluoroscopy • Procedure—after administration of the dye continuous beam of x-rays to evaluate dynamic processes, such as bowel peristalsis and diaphragmatic excursion, • Indications • evaluation of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract (e.g., barium enema) • spinal cord in the case of a lumbar puncture or myelogram. • Angiography • feeding tube or drainage catheter placement.

  11. Mammography • Used for optimal detection of breast lesions, particularly early breast carcinoma. • Breast lesions +ve US-guided core biopsy or fine-needle aspiration (FNAC)

  12. Contrast Studies • Decreased natural contrast between adjacent structures of roughly similar radiographic density mandates the use of contrast material. • Contrast media are commonly utilized for the evaluation of • GIT , Urinary tract, vascular system; • biliary tree for carcinoma or obstruction, • spinal canal, fistulous tracts arising from abscesses, • uterine cavity and fallopian tubes for uterine anomalies and tubal patency, respectively (hysterosalpingography).

  13. Iodinated contrast agents • are water soluble • classified in several ways, ionic/nonionic, monomeric/dimeric, or hyperosmolar/hypo-osmolar. • Side effects, while uncommon, encompass a spectrum, ranging from mild reactions (flushing, tachycardia, and metallic taste in the mouth) to life-threatening effects (hypotension, severe bronchospasm, cardiac arrest). • use of low-osmolality contrast agents is advocated, because these agents have a significantly lower incidence of drug reactions. • Uses of Water-soluble contrast agents— • gastrointestinal tract for suspected perforation, • prior to surgical procedures, • for contraindications to barium suspensions.

  14. Contrast Studies • Barium suspensions • Intravenous urography (IVU) • Hysterosalpingography • Angiography • myelography • fistulography • sialography • galactography • cholangiography

  15. Barium suspensions • Used for the standard upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series and for evaluation of the small bowel and colon. • Both single- and double-contrast techniques can be performed in an UGI series after oral administration of a barium suspension or during a barium enema, following rectally administered barium . • In the single-contrast study, only a barium suspension is used, whereas double-contrast studies use both barium and air to delineate mucosal irregularities and superficially located lesions.

  16. A single-contrast retrograde colonic enema demonstrates an annular lesion representing a cecal carcinoma (arrows)

  17. Intravenous urography (IVU) • most common contrast study of the urinary tract. • After injection of contrast material into a peripheral vein, sequential filming of the kidneys is performed , typically 1–3 minutes postinjection, as well as during contrast excretion into the renal collecting system and ureters (pyelographic phase, typically 3–10 minutes). • Primary indications for this study include hematuria, urinary tract calculi, ureteral obstruction, and evaluation of a suspected congenital anomaly. • Nonenhanced helical CT is rapidly superceding the standard IVU examination in cases of stone disease and ureteral obstruction. • However, IVU remains the procedure of choice for evaluation of suspected uroepithelialneoplasms, such as transitional cell carcinoma, because it more sensitively detects subtle mucosal irregularities.

  18. Retrograde studies of the renal collecting system (retrograde pyelography), ureter (retrograde ureterography), and bladder (cystography) • performed by direct instillation of water-soluble contrast material into the urinary bladder. • These studies are typically performed for evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux, calculi, or tumor.

  19. An AP film from an intravenous urogram taken at 10 minutes in a pt. with a proximal Lt ureteral calculus (arrow) and associated left collecting system dilatation. The right collecting system is normal, and the right ureter (arrowheads),bladder are seen.

  20. Hysterosalpingography • radiographic method for evaluation of the endometrial cavity and the fallopian tubes. • Procedure-- direct instillation of water-soluble contrast material into the cervical canal. • Indications: • primary or secondary infertility work-up, • detection of suspected uterine anomalies, • assessment of tubal patency • determination of the location of a uterine leiomyoma within the endometrial cavity.

  21. Angiography • the study of the vascular system • Procedure --injection of water-soluble contrast media intra-arterially (or intravenously, for venous studies) through a percutaneously placed catheter under fluoroscopic guidance. • Types: peripheral angiography, coronary angiography, thoracic/abdominal aortography, pulmonary angiography, cerebral angiography, and superior/inferior venocavography. • Common applications include • assessment of vascular disease (atherosclerosis, aneurysm, vasculitis), • prior to therapeutic interventions (stent placement), • evaluation for pulmonary embolus.

  22. Thoracic aortography • is typically performed for the evaluation of suspected traumatic injury, dissection, aneurysm, vasculitis, thromboembolic disease, tumors, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). • CT angiography and MR angiography replaced conventional angiographic studies . • Coronary angiographic studies identify areas of stenosis or occlusion involving the coronary arteries.

  23. An aortogram demonstrates transection (arrow) of the aortic arch at the aortic isthmus extending about 4 cm below.

  24. In patients suspected of having a pulmonary embolus, pulmonary angiography may be performed. • This procedure is generally used • when the results of a ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan or pulmonary CT angiography are equivocal • when a low-probability V/Q scan is obtained in the presence of continued high clinical suspicion.

  25. myelography for evaluation of spinal cord compression. • fistulography for detection of epithelialized tracts arising from an inflammatory, infectious, or neoplastic process. • sialography for the assessment of ductal obstruction or tumor involving the salivary glands. • galactography for detection of masses within large breast ducts . • cholangiography for detection of biliaryductal masses or strictures.

  26. Computed Tomography

  27. Computed Tomography • high-resolution CT • commonly used for evaluation of diffuse interstitial lung disease or detection of pulmonary nodules. • contrast resolution of vascular structures, organs, or hypervascular neoplasms can be enhanced following intravenous infusion of water-soluble contrast media.

  28. Contrast-enhanced CT image of the upper abdomen demonstrates two low-attenuation areas (M) confirmed as multiple hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

  29. CT Angiography • Procedure-- intravenous administration of iodinated contrast material. Using a MDCT scanner, images are acquired. • CT angiography has become an important tool for • assessment of the abdominal and iliac arteries, • the thoracic aorta, the pulmonary arteries, • and the extra- and intracranial carotid circulation. • Exquisite anatomic detail of both intra- and extraluminal structures is revealed using this technique, including detection of intimal calcification and mural thrombosis.

  30. CT Colonography • CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) • used primarily in the detection and characterization of colonic polyps • These images display the mucosal surface of the colon and internal density of the detected lesions; • They also directly demonstrate the bowel wall and extracolonic abdominal and pelvic structures.

  31. Ultrasonography

  32. noninvasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves. • Limitations: • operator-dependent nature, • variable visualization of midline abdominal organs (pancreas) or vasculature when obscured by overlying bowel gas • inability of sound waves to penetrate gas or bone.

  33. Ultrasonography-Applications • abdomen [liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys], • pelvis (female reproductive organs), • fetus (routine fetal surveys for detection of anomalies), • vascular system (aneurysms, arteriovenous communications, deep-venous thrombosis), • testicles (tumor, torsion, infection), • pediatric brain (hemorrhage, congenital malformations), • breast, and • chest (size and location of pleural fluid collections).

  34. ultrasound-guided interventions –used for • lesion biopsy, • abscess drainage, and • radiofrequency ablation.

  35. A transverse ultrasound image of the gallbladder demonstrates a gallstone (arrow) with the characteristic distal acoustic shadowing (S) because sound waves cannot penetrate the gallstone.

  36. Doppler ultrasound • It is used to calculate the corresponding flow velocities, which reflects the flow pattern within the vessel. • Color flow Doppler assigns colors (blue and red) to structures according to their motion toward or away from transducers. • This information can be superimposed on a gray-scale image.

  37. Endoluminalsonography is used to image structures beyond the lumen of the hollow viscus. • It is accurate in local staging of cancer and in detecting small lesions that may not be visualized with other imaging modalities. • Applications: • GI applications include quantification of the size and wall thickness of esophageal carcinoma or varices. Eg. Upper GI endoscopy and colonoscopy. • Transrectal USG is performed for evaluation of the prostate. • Genitourinary (GU) applications include examination of the severity and length of ureteral strictures, diagnosis of upper tract neoplasms and urethral diverticula, identification of submucosal calculi.

  38. d. The uterus, adnexa, and routine fetal examinations by using a transvaginal probe in the presence of an empty bladder. • Sonohysterography, an ultrasound-guided procedure, requires instillation of a sterile saline solution into the uterine cavity following cannulation for evaluation of endometrial masses or other abnormalities. f. Transesophageal echocardiography is used for evaluating cardiovascular abnormalities after placement of a probe into the esophagus. g. Three-dimensional ultrasound (3D-US) is widely used in obstetrics and vascular imaging. • 3D-US is used to quantify the volume of organs and pathology. • It has been used predominantly in obstetrics for studying normal embryonic and/or fetal development and • for detecting specific congenital anomalies in a fetus at risk given a known family history.

  39. Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  40. In MR imaging, a pulsed radio-frequency (rf) beam is used in the presence of a strong main magnetic field to generate high-quality images of the body. • Images can be acquired in virtually any plane, although sagittal, coronal, and axial images are commonly obtained. • The most commonly used, clinically approved contrast for MR imaging is a paramagnetic agent (atoms with unpaired electrons in their outer shells) containing gadolinium, termed gadolinium dimeglumine.

  41. MR imaging--Indications • neurologic indications, including brain tumors , acute ischemia, infection, and congenital abnormalities. • non-neurologic indications, namely, spine, musculoskeletal, cardiac, hepatic, biliary, pancreatic, adrenal, renal, breast, and female pelvis applications. • Spine MR studies are useful for evaluating degenerative changes, disk herniation, infection, metastatic disease, or congenital abnormalities. • Cardiac studies are performed to identify congenital anomalies and complex malformations (malpositioning of great vessels and/or cardiac chambers).

  42. MR imaging--Indications • Common musculoskeletal applications involve the knee, shoulder, and hip. • The primary indication for the knee is the assessment of the menisci and ligaments following internal derangement. • Rotator cuff tear is the most typical shoulder indication.

  43. MR imaging--Indications • Abdomen -- hepatic MR imaging studies are often used to diagnose atypical presentations of liver lesions, metastatic diseases, or hepatocellular carcinoma. • Adrenal studies are performed primarily to distinguish adrenal adenomas from metastatic disease. • Atypical renal masses, found incidentally on USG or CT, can often be better characterized on MR imaging. • Breast MR imaging is predominantly utilized for detection and evaluation of ruptured implants, and to detect the breast cancers. • Female pelvis --diagnosis and characterization of cervical and endometrial carcinomas, as well as adnexal lesions.

  44. A midline sagittal T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR image depicts a large tumor (T) in the region of the pineal gland.

  45. MR imaging--contraindications • patients with metal implants or foreign bodies eg. intracranial aneurysm clips, intraorbital metallic foci, cardiac pacemakers, or specific types of cardiac valves. • MR imaging may also be contraindicated for claustrophobic or uncooperative patients who may not respond to conscious sedation protocols.

  46. Diffusion-weighted MRI • It is exquisitely sensitive to the microscopic molecular motion of water, demonstrating areas of limited (restricted) intracellular diffusion following an acute ischemic event. • This sequence is routinely utilized in clinical neuroimaging protocols, but is nonspecific for pathology. • diffusion changes similar to that seen with acute ischemia can be observed with infection and some tumors.

  47. 3D contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MR angiography) • It is used for noninvasive assessment of many vascular abnormalities, including aneurysms, dissection, vessel anomalies, and coarctation.

  48. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) • It is used to evaluate choledocholithiasis, retained gallstones, pancreatobiliary neoplasms, strictures, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and chronic pancreatitis. • ERCP is generally reserved for therapeutic purposes, such as stent placement, stone extraction, or stricture dilatation.

  49. Nuclear Medicine

  50. Nuclear medicine studies are performed by administering a radiopharmaceutical to the patient and subsequently recording its distribution in the body over a defined period of time. • In general, these studies are very sensitive, but relatively nonspecific, in the detection of pathophysiology. • Correlation with pertinent clinical history, physical findings, laboratory data, and other diagnostic imaging procedures is, therefore, essential to render an accurate interpretation and for maximizing clinical benefits to both the patient and ordering physician.

More Related