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The Enlightenment. Group one. March 21,2013. Define. Reformation a 16th century religious movement marked ultimately by rejection or modification of some Roman Catholic doctrine and practice and establishment of the Protestant churches
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The Enlightenment Group one March 21,2013
Define Reformationa 16th century religious movement marked ultimately by rejection or modification of some Roman Catholic doctrine and practice and establishment of the Protestant churches Absolutism-is a form of government in which all power is vested in a single ruler or other authority. Enlightenment-(or simply the Enlightenment or Age of Reason) was a cultural movement of intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries, which began first in Europe and later in the American colonies. Its purpose was to reform society using reason, challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and advance knowledge through the scientific method.
Enlightenment Reformation Martin Luther November 10 1483 - Feb 18 1546 Social Life: Martin Luther was a German Monk, Priest, and Professor of Theology. Religious/ Political Life: In 1517, the reformation period started with Martin Luther. Luther began the largest insurrection in the history of Christianity. It is said that during these times, Roman Catholic churches dealt with indulgences and paying the church to sin again without having to represent and get closer to God. Luther notified his bishop of the Roman catholic church, protesting the sell of indulgences(is the full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven). Luther enclosed a letter of "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power of Efficacy of indulgences". which became known as the ninety-five theses. In 1518, Luther and his friends began to make copies of the ninety-five thesis through out Germany, then made it way into Europe. Social Life: In 1525 Luther married Katharina Von Bora. But she died before Luther. In 1533 to his death in 1546, Martin Luther served as the dean of theology at university of wittenberg. He suffered from arthrist and heart problems. He died at the age of 62 His impact: Luther was remembered by his desire to feel close to God which led him to also translate the bible into german, the language of the people, radically changing the relationship between church leaders and their followers. Time went on and Luther trade marks still carried on into the age of Absolutism.
Absolutism Age of Absolutism is a period after exploration providing European nations with Vast overseas empires absolute Monarchs and the exploring nations into superpowers but abuses external conflicts such as religious and colonial wars and internal conflicts, such as revolutions and civil wars, as kings got to powerful James 1, True law of a free Monarchy (1598) Social life: James was born on june 19th 1567 at edinburgh castle. James was a catholic. He was rasied as a Presbyterian. It is said that James long term dream was to become a theologian and scholar and wrote a number of works on both scholary and popular issues. He became king in England at the death of Elizabeth 1 in 1603 and ruled there for twenty years. Political life: The kingdoms of England and Scotland were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. He was the first british monarch to rule both england and scotland.
James http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLHeZyYngsQ 1597- 98: James 1/ v1 of scotland and england wrote the true law of a free Monarach. This document gives a clear examples of how a absoulute monarch should be and letting the audience know that in which he argued a theological basis for monarchy. In the True Law, he sets out the divine right of kings, explaining that for Biblical reasons kings are higher beings than other men. 1625: James died at the age of 58
“Kings are justly called gods for they exercise a manner or resemblance of divine power upon earth” – King James
Opera Opera was created by an elite group named Camerata who began meeting in Italy around 1575. The Camerata consisted of nobles, poets, and composers.
George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) Handel was born in Halle, Germany. He is known for his proficiency in Italian opera and English orotario. He had a career as an impresario, composer, and performer.
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Bach was born in Eisanach, Germany, and is considered to be one of the greatest masters of Western music. Bach composed masterpieces in every genre of his time except opera. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xq2WTXtKurk
Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Haydn was born in an Austrian village. He worked for the Esterhazys family, who were the wealthiest family in Hungary. Haydn was a leader in the progression of symphony and string quartet.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria. From the age of six, he showed remarkable musical talent. Mozart went on to become one of the greatest masters of western music. Link to Mozart’s unfinished requiem https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZzgfdEqMb8 Mozart’s piano concerto 21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=df-eLzao63
John Locke 1632-1704 John Locke was an important English philosopher, his theories views were very influential during the Enlightenment. John expressed his beliefs of how a government should work in “Two Treatises of Government”. John Locke believed all humans should have the right to preserve their three natural rights which are life, liberty, and property.
The Second Treatise of Government The Second Treatise describes a theory of civil society. John Locke describes the state of nature, he also argues that all men are created equal in the state of nature by God. From this, he goes on to explain the rise of property and civilization, in the process explaining that only governments are those that have the consent of the people. Any government that rules without the consent of the people canbe overthrown.
"Whosoever, therefore, out of a state of Nature unite into a community, must be understood to give up all the power necessary to the ends for which they unite into society to the majority of the community, unless they expressly agreed in any number greater than the majority” -John Locke
Social Contract Social Contract- An agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each. John Locke believed that people first lived in the state of nature but people would take advantage of it and conflict would grow between society trying to defend their own rights how they thought it was right. The social contract would allow them to be protected Locke believed that rulers also were obliged to protect private property and the right to freedom of thought, speech, and worship.
How did John Locke contribute to the U.S • John locks theory contributed to the United states during the American Revolution and the Declaration of independence. Thomas Jefferson used John Locke theory of life liberty and property except he changed property to happiness because he believed we had to pay taxes for our land.
Catherine The Great, Memoirs Born in 1729 in Germany Known as the "Enlightened Empress" Catherine The Great (1729) was the longest reigning female leader of the country of Russia. (1762-1796) She was one of the country's most influential rulers. She overthrew her husband Peter III and was declared Empress. Catherine greatly influenced her adopted country by expanding their borders and continuing the process of westrnization that was started by Peter The Great. Expanded the Russian Empire into places like belarus and Lithuania, extending Russia's borders well into central Europe. Her memoirs revealed a very private side of the empress and a very graphic view into her childhood and youth. In 1767 she convened the legislative commission to codify Russia's Laws while she continued to modernize Russian Life. The comission was one of the driving forces in Russia's war against the Ottoman Empire (1768) which was a good oppotunity to disband the comission.
Maria Theresa, Testament Came into power at the age of 23. (after her father promoted the pragmatic sanction that allowed a woman to rule as emperor. One of the most capable of the Habsburgs who ruled the Holy Roman Empire. Her testament was a political statement that detailed the reforms she initiated in her states. It was mostly an apologetic history, that assessed both the praise and blame that she recieved. But also showed that she had very strong political abilites. Maria Theresa fought in the War of Austrian Succession against Fredrick The Great (1740-1748)
The Idea of a Patriot King, Viscount Bolingbroke (1678-1751) The Idea of a Patriot King was written in 1738 and published 11 years later. This work argued against the rule of parties and urged the patriot king to put national interest ahead of all others. The book was addressed to George II's eldest son, Prince Fredrick but had a much greater influence on George III and his chief minister, The Earl of Bute. * A Patriot King would serve as more of a "father of their country" rather than someone that is too far above the rest .
