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Data Analysis of Microarrays Bioconductor

Data Analysis of Microarrays Bioconductor.org. “affy” package “limma” package. Open R and Load libraries. > load(affy). Affymetrix Data files. CEL files contain information about the expression levels of the individual probes.

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Data Analysis of Microarrays Bioconductor

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  1. Data Analysis of Microarrays Bioconductor.org “affy” package “limma” package

  2. Open R and Load libraries > load(affy)

  3. Affymetrix Data files • CEL files contain information about the expression levels of the individual probes. • CDF file contains information about which probes belong to which probe set. The probe set information in the CEL file by itself is not particularly useful as there is no indication in the file as to which probe set a probe belongs. This information is stored in the CDF library file associated with a chip type. All the arrays belonging to a given type will share this same information.

  4. Analysis • Sample Generation, experimental design, hybridization =) RAW DATA. • Data analysis. • (a) Scanning and image analysis =) PROBE INTENSITIES. [low level analysis] • (b) Background correction, normalization and quantifying expression measures =) NORMALIZED EXPRESSION MEASURES FOR EACH GENE (PROBE SET). [low level analysis] • (c) Ranking of genes, clustering/classification of genes =) INTERESTING GENE SET. [high level analysis] • Validation of the interesting genes: using additional biological data and performing targeted experiments.

  5. Estrogen dataset • "The investigators in this experiment were interested in the effect of estrogen on the genes in ER+ breast cancer cells over time. • After serum starvation of all eight samples, they exposed four samples to estrogen, and then measured mRNA transcript abundance after 10 hours for two samples and 48 hours for the other two. • They left the remaining four samples untreated, and measured mRNA transcript abundance at 10 hours for two samples, and 48 hours for the other two. Since there are two factors in this experiment (estrogen and time), each at two levels (present or absent,10 hours or 48 hours), this experiment is said to have a 2x2 factorial design."

  6. Experimental Design

  7. Put .cel files in a directory • Estrogen.zip file should be extracted into a file named estrogen. • Working directory should be set to this file using the change dir command under the file menu.

  8. Information on chips/samples • A text file that looks like the following should be prepared using a text editor and saved as filename.txt (e.g., estrogen.txt):

  9. R: read the sample information You have to load the file into a phenoData object > pd <- read.phenoData("estrogen.txt", header = TRUE, row.names = 1) > pData(pd)

  10. phenoData objects • phenoData objects are where the Bioconductor Package stores information about samples • treatment conditions in a cell line experiment or clinical or histopathological characteristics of tissue biopsies. • The header option lets the read.phenoData function know that the first line in the file contains column headings, and the row.names option indicates that the first column of the file contains the row names.

  11. phenoData objects > pd <- read.phenoData("estrogen.txt", header = TRUE, row.names = 1) > pData(pd) estrogen time.h low10-1.cel absent 10 low10-2.cel absent 10 high10-1.cel present 10 high10-2.cel present 10 low48-1.cel absent 48 low48-2.cel absent 48 high48-1.cel present 48 high48-2.cel present 48

  12. Read .cel files and name the object as a > a <- ReadAffy(filenames = rownames(pData(pd)), phenoData = pd, + verbose = TRUE) Copy and paste the above statements onto the command line in R

  13. Read .cel files and name the object as a > a <- ReadAffy(filenames = rownames(pData(pd)), phenoData = pd, + verbose = TRUE) 1 reading low10-1.cel ...instanciating an AffyBatch (intensity a 409600x8 matrix)...done. Reading in : low10-1.cel Reading in : low10-2.cel Reading in : high10-1.cel Reading in : high10-2.cel Reading in : low48-1.cel Reading in : low48-2.cel Reading in : high48-1.cel Reading in : high48-2.cel

  14. Type a > a AffyBatch object size of arrays=640x640 features (25606 kb) cdf=HG_U95Av2 (12625 affyids) number of samples=8 number of genes=12625 annotation=hgu95av2

  15. Visualize chips >image(a[,1])

  16. Visualize log2 transformed raw values using hist (histogram of distribution) > hist(log2(intensity(a[, 4])), breaks = 100, col = "blue")

  17. Boxplots >boxplot(a, col = "red")

  18. Normalize data using rma > eset = rma(a) >boxplot(data.frame(exprs(eset)), col = "blue")

  19. MA Plots • Measurement of relative expression versus Average log intensity plot. Also known as the RI (Ratio versus Intensity). • MA plots can show the intensity-dependent ratio of raw microarray data. Let R represent raw intensity for one chip and G represent raw intensity for another chip. Define • M = log2(R/G) • A = log2(RG)1/2.

  20. MA plots after normalization >mva.pairs(exprs(eset)[,c(1,3,5,7)],log.it=FALSE)

  21. MA plots before normalization > mva.pairs(pm(a)[,c(1,3,5)])

  22. Memory Problems If you experience memory errors, please restart your R session before trying a less memory-expensive alternative. • The following function justRMA() should read in all 8 arrays, normalize them, and create an object of class exprSet with as little as 128 Megabytes of RAM: > library(affy) > pd <- read.phenoData("EstrogenTargets.txt",header=TRUE,row.names=1,as.is=TRUE) > eset <- justRMA(filenames=pData(pd)$FileName,phenoData=pd) > eset • Or to read in only the first four arrays, you can use: >eset <- justRMA(filenames=pData(pd)$FileName[1:4],phenoData=pd) >eset

  23. Glossary

  24. Glossary

  25. Glossary

  26. Gene Filtering (Genefilter package) > library(genefilter) Loading required package: survival Loading required package: splines > f1 <- pOverA(0.25, log2(100)) > f2 <- function(x) (IQR(x) > 0.5) > ff <- filterfun(f1, f2) > selected <- genefilter(eset, ff) > sum(selected) [1] 1664 > esetSub <- eset[selected, ]

  27. See some data > esetSub[1:3, ] Expression Set (exprSet) with 3 genes 8 samples phenoData object with 2 variables and 8 cases varLabels estrogen: read from file time.h: read from file > exprs(esetSub[1:3, ]) low10-1.cel low10-2.cel high10-1.cel high10-2.cel low48-1.cel 1005_at 9.206734 8.993805 8.237886 8.338003 9.173192 1008_f_at 10.119335 10.986661 10.830301 10.025106 11.044671 1009_at 10.553034 10.500375 11.159770 11.048265 10.211211 low48-2.cel high48-1.cel high48-2.cel 1005_at 9.040490 7.926101 8.06968 1008_f_at 11.138321 10.705763 11.36952 1009_at 9.565864 11.363234 10.76293

  28. Clustering Algorithms in R • Two main categories • Agglomerative (e.g., hierarchical) • Partitioning (e.g., kmeans)

  29. Clustering Algorithms in R • First, dist is used to compute distances. This function takes a matrix as its first argument and computes the distances between the rows of the matrix. • We will use the expression data matrix from estrogen for this purpose • The commands below are used to carry out hierarchical clustering using the Manhattan distance metric and to plot the corresponding dendrogram with nodes labeled according to file names.

  30. Cluster data (hierarchical) > dgTr <- dist(t(exprs(esetSub)), method = "manhattan") > hcgTr <- hclust(dgTr, method = "average")

  31. Cluster data (hierarchical) > kmgTr <- kmeans(t(exprs(esetSub)), centers = 2) > kmgTr$cluster low10-1.cel low10-2.cel high10-1.cel high10-2.cel low48-1.cel low48-2.cel 1 1 2 2 1 1 high48-1.cel high48-2.cel 2 2

  32. T-test on a subset of estrogen data >subEST=exprs(eset[,1:4]); > group1=c(1,1,2,2) > group1 [1] 1 1 2 2 > subEST Expression Set (exprSet) with 12625 genes 4 samples phenoData object with 2 variables and 4 cases varLabels estrogen: read from file time.h: read from file > tf1 <- ttest(group1, 0.1) > ff2 <- filterfun(tf1) > wh2 <- genefilter(exprs(subEST), ff2) > sum(wh2) [1] 1711 >

  33. ApoAI data • The data is from a study of lipid metabolism by Callow et al (2000). The apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) gene is known to play a pivotal role in high density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Mice which have the ApoAI gene knocked out have very low HDL cholesterol levels. The purpose of this experiment is to determine how ApoAI deficiency affects the action of other genes in the liver, with the idea that this will help determine the molecular pathways through which ApoAI operates.

  34. Hybridizations • The experiment compared 8 ApoAI knockout mice with 8 wild type (normal) C57BL/6 ("black six") mice, the control mice. For each of these 16 mice, target mRNA was obtained from liver tissue and labelled using a Cy5 dye. The RNA from each mouse was hybridized to a separate microarray. Common reference RNA was labelled with Cy3 dye and used for all the arrays. The reference RNA was obtained by pooling RNA extracted from the 8 control mice.

  35. Experimental Design

  36. Load data > library(limma) > load("ApoAI.RData") > objects() [1] "last.warning" "mart" "RG" > names(RG) [1] "R" "G" "Rb" "Gb" "printer" "genes" "targets"

  37. What did you download? > RG$targets FileName Cy3 Cy5 c1 a1koc1.spot Pool C57BL/6 c2 a1koc2.spot Pool C57BL/6 c3 a1koc3.spot Pool C57BL/6 c4 a1koc4.spot Pool C57BL/6 c5 a1koc5.spot Pool C57BL/6 c6 a1koc6.spot Pool C57BL/6 c7 a1koc7.spot Pool C57BL/6 c8 a1koc8.spot Pool C57BL/6 k1 a1kok1.spot Pool ApoAI-/- k2 a1kok2.spot Pool ApoAI-/- k3 a1kok3.spot Pool ApoAI-/- k4 a1kok4.spot Pool ApoAI-/- k5 a1kok5.spot Pool ApoAI-/- k6 a1kok6.spot Pool ApoAI-/- k7 a1kok7.spot Pool ApoAI-/- k8 a1kok8.spot Pool ApoAI-/-

  38. What does RG contain • Type in RG at the command line: >RG $R a1koc1 a1koc2 a1koc3 a1koc4 a1koc5 a1koc6 a1koc7 a1koc8 a1kok1 [1,] 4184.08 3300.22 2432.54 2069.81 2809.83 2029.05 1720.56 1795.58 1845.97 [2,] 4148.48 3774.18 2579.92 2566.33 2286.43 2244.33 1987.83 1908.33 2924.68 [3,] 2452.32 3028.47 3574.45 2348.09 4462.67 2703.20 1543.10 2123.91 1702.91 [4,] 1577.31 1999.92 1296.81 1926.69 1010.74 1764.58 1161.71 1495.13 1778.82 [5,] 1525.48 1967.44 1210.10 1929.64 950.80 1638.89 936.42 1540.65 1554.96 a1kok2 a1kok3 a1kok4 a1kok5 a1kok6 a1kok7 a1kok8 [1,] 2330.53 2630.76 2234.17 2811.72 2721.10 2361.67 2585.89 [2,] 3027.00 2411.81 2023.39 4148.58 3384.13 2763.00 2775.44 [3,] 2235.84 2343.61 4196.89 2079.53 4344.00 3051.24 3277.82 [4,] 1313.93 1551.66 1359.58 1305.88 1512.14 1617.78 1584.25 [5,] 1288.93 1378.91 1216.87 1218.35 1205.67 1412.08 1666.32 6379 more rows ...

  39. What does RG contain $G a1koc1 a1koc2 a1koc3 a1koc4 a1koc5 a1koc6 a1koc7 a1koc8 a1kok1 [1,] 6256.08 5269.89 4080.85 3229.38 3763.22 2773.58 2800.44 1923.58 804.80 [2,] 5389.81 3608.12 2614.42 2107.56 1878.30 1926.00 1711.17 1205.20 1385.96 [3,] 2653.29 4168.16 8091.95 3134.39 3046.00 3612.40 2002.62 1651.41 915.24 [4,] 1071.26 1162.71 819.13 1295.82 428.95 900.78 838.19 689.00 763.64 [5,] 1321.75 1148.64 642.94 1289.74 500.49 684.00 571.92 736.41 685.88 a1kok2 a1kok3 a1kok4 a1kok5 a1kok6 a1kok7 a1kok8 [1,] 2558.68 1724.41 2309.08 2758.44 2632.43 1955.33 3191.78 [2,] 1943.40 1100.10 1233.33 2337.75 1630.91 1422.45 1961.50 [3,] 2404.77 3011.42 3708.85 2830.40 3030.90 2809.82 2482.39 [4,] 583.08 873.06 737.57 834.58 887.97 827.38 890.58 [5,] 536.43 656.76 593.17 679.73 756.44 572.64 1233.45 6379 more rows ...

  40. What does RG contain $Rb a1koc1 a1koc2 a1koc3 a1koc4 a1koc5 a1koc6 a1koc7 a1koc8 a1kok1 a1kok2 [1,] 1418.50 1532.00 992.00 1306.75 781.89 1165 761.88 1151.00 1098.86 941.74 [2,] 1280.05 1497.00 980.00 1328.00 773.00 1165 759.17 1151.00 994.43 934.00 [3,] 1216.00 1481.63 935.00 1348.61 773.00 1198 758.00 1129.05 949.39 935.84 [4,] 1193.69 1467.42 973.26 1341.55 760.00 1198 752.53 1077.34 949.00 911.09 [5,] 1148.12 1442.00 929.43 1376.21 760.00 1177 710.79 1075.00 920.16 898.00 a1kok3 a1kok4 a1kok5 a1kok6 a1kok7 a1kok8 [1,] 1042.00 954.00 930.00 987.57 1190.83 1073.44 [2,] 1042.00 952.22 930.00 933.09 1158.00 1074.62 [3,] 1042.00 904.63 930.30 919.70 1150.18 1077.00 [4,] 1037.75 899.89 914.79 911.14 1179.75 1077.00 [5,] 1023.15 898.00 892.76 882.02 1069.02 1064.04 6379 more rows ...

  41. What does RG contain $Gb a1koc1 a1koc2 a1koc3 a1koc4 a1koc5 a1koc6 a1koc7 a1koc8 a1kok1 a1kok2 [1,] 663.50 520.00 371.54 563.25 228.00 274.05 354.50 292.00 224.00 239.95 [2,] 643.43 520.00 355.00 589.44 231.00 268.00 324.61 286.93 206.86 239.00 [3,] 544.81 498.63 317.55 619.58 231.00 267.00 281.66 264.00 181.00 239.00 [4,] 522.80 454.55 356.46 615.76 218.37 267.00 289.30 264.00 181.00 248.18 [5,] 465.27 433.00 295.67 567.81 203.00 267.00 238.42 257.82 174.57 229.10 a1kok3 a1kok4 a1kok5 a1kok6 a1kok7 a1kok8 [1,] 282.53 254.00 321.28 363.00 285.00 309.00 [2,] 264.24 254.00 309.00 336.00 285.00 309.00 [3,] 250.06 254.00 305.00 336.00 285.00 309.86 [4,] 233.66 244.56 297.75 335.46 286.78 351.78 [5,] 231.00 231.05 298.74 334.22 274.44 358.92 6379 more rows ...

  42. What does RG contain $genes GridROW GridCOL ROW COL NAME TYPE CLID ACC 1 1 1 1 1 Cy3RT Control BLANK BLANK 2 1 1 1 2 Cy5RT Control BLANK BLANK 3 1 1 1 3 mSRB1 cDNA mSRB1 mSRB1 4 1 1 1 4 BLANK BLANK BLANK BLANK 5 1 1 1 5 BLANK BLANK BLANK BLANK 6379 more rows ... $targets FileName Cy3 Cy5 c1 a1koc1.spot Pool C57BL/6 c2 a1koc2.spot Pool C57BL/6 c3 a1koc3.spot Pool C57BL/6 c4 a1koc4.spot Pool C57BL/6 c5 a1koc5.spot Pool C57BL/6 11 more rows ...

  43. Exercise > dim(RG) [1] 6384 16 > ncol(RG) [1] 16 > colnames(RG) [1] "a1koc1" "a1koc2" "a1koc3" "a1koc4""a1koc5" "a1koc6" "a1koc7" "a1koc8" [9] "a1kok1" "a1kok2" "a1kok3" "a1kok4""a1kok5" "a1kok6" "a1kok7" "a1kok8"

  44. subsets > RG[1:2,] An object of class "RGList" $R a1koc1 a1koc2 a1koc3 a1koc4 a1koc5 a1koc6 a1koc7 a1koc8 a1kok1 [1,] 4184.08 3300.22 2432.54 2069.81 2809.83 2029.05 1720.56 1795.58 1845.97 [2,] 4148.48 3774.18 2579.92 2566.33 2286.43 2244.33 1987.83 1908.33 2924.68 a1kok2 a1kok3 a1kok4 a1kok5 a1kok6 a1kok7 a1kok8 [1,] 2330.53 2630.76 2234.17 2811.72 2721.10 2361.67 2585.89 [2,] 3027.00 2411.81 2023.39 4148.58 3384.13 2763.00 2775.44 $G a1koc1 a1koc2 a1koc3 a1koc4 a1koc5 a1koc6 a1koc7 a1koc8 a1kok1 [1,] 6256.08 5269.89 4080.85 3229.38 3763.22 2773.58 2800.44 1923.58 804.80 [2,] 5389.81 3608.12 2614.42 2107.56 1878.30 1926.00 1711.17 1205.20 1385.96 a1kok2 a1kok3 a1kok4 a1kok5 a1kok6 a1kok7 a1kok8 [1,] 2558.68 1724.41 2309.08 2758.44 2632.43 1955.33 3191.78 [2,] 1943.40 1100.10 1233.33 2337.75 1630.91 1422.45 1961.50

  45. Background correction • RG.b <- backgroundCorrect(RG,method="minimum")

  46. Loess normalization >plotDensities(MA.p)

  47. Quantile Normalization > MA.pAq <- normalizeBetweenArrays(MA.p, method="Aquantile") > plotDensities(MA.pAq)

  48. Print-tip loess normalization > MA <- normalizeWithinArrays(RG)

  49. Generate factors > design <- cbind("WT-Ref"=1,"KO-WT"=rep(0:1,c(8,8))) > design WT-Ref KO-WT [1,] 1 0 [2,] 1 0 [3,] 1 0 [4,] 1 0 [5,] 1 0 [6,] 1 0 [7,] 1 0 [8,] 1 0 [9,] 1 1 [10,] 1 1 [11,] 1 1 [12,] 1 1 [13,] 1 1 [14,] 1 1 [15,] 1 1 [16,] 1 1

  50. Fit a linear model > fit <- lmFit(MA,design=design) > fit An object of class "MArrayLM" $coefficients WT-Ref KO-WT [1,] -0.65953808 0.63931974 [2,] 0.22938847 0.65516034 [3,] -0.25176365 0.33421048 [4,] -0.05169672 0.04049065 [5,] -0.25006850 0.22302129 6379 more rows ...

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