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Chapter 12 Nursing Management During Pregnancy

Chapter 12 Nursing Management During Pregnancy. Maternity and Pediatric Nursing. Risk Factors for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. See Table 12.1. Preconception Care. Immunization status Underlying medical conditions Reproductive health care practices Sexuality and sexual practices Nutrition

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Chapter 12 Nursing Management During Pregnancy

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  1. Chapter 12Nursing Management During Pregnancy Maternity and Pediatric Nursing

  2. Risk Factors for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes • See Table 12.1

  3. Preconception Care • Immunization status • Underlying medical conditions • Reproductive health care practices • Sexuality and sexual practices • Nutrition • Lifestyle practices • Psychosocial issues • Medication and drug use • Support system

  4. 1st Prenatal Visit • Establishment of trusting relationship • Focus on education for overall wellness • Detection and prevention of potential problems • Comprehensive health history, physical examination, and laboratory tests

  5. Comprehensive Health History • Reason for seeking care • Suspicion of pregnancy • Date of last menstrual period • Signs and symptoms of pregnancy • Urine or blood test for hCG • Past medical, surgical, and personal history • Woman’s reproductive history: menstrual, obstetric, and gynecologic history

  6. Menstrual History • Menstrual cycle • Age at menarche • Days in cycle • Flow characteristics • Discomforts • Use of contraception

  7. Menstrual History (cont.) • Date of last menstrual period (LMP) • Calculation of estimated or expected date of birth (EDB) or delivery (EDD) • Nagele’s rule • Use first day of LNMP 11/21/12 • Subtract 3 months 8/21/12 • Add 7 days 8/28/12 • Add 1 year 8/28/13 = EDB • Gestational or birth calculator or wheel • Ultrasound

  8. Obstetric History • Gravida: a pregnant woman • Gravida I (primigravida): first pregnancy • Gravida II (secundigravida): second pregnancy, etc. • Para: a woman who has produced one or more viable offspring carrying a pregnancy 20 weeks or more • Primipara: one birth after a pregnancy of at least 20 weeks (“primip”) • Multipara: two or more pregnancies resulting in viable offspring (“multip”) • Nullipara: no viable offspring; para 0

  9. Obstetric History (cont.) • Terminology • G (gravida): the current pregnancy • T (term births): the number of pregnancies ending >37 weeks’ gestation, at term • P (preterm births): the number of preterm pregnancies ending >20 weeks or viability but before completion of 37 weeks • A (abortions): the number of pregnancies ending before 20 weeks or viability • L (living children): number of children currently living

  10. Question • Is the following statement True or False? • A woman who is “para 1” is a woman who has given birth once after 20 weeks' gestation

  11. Answer • True • Rationale: Primipara (para 1) is a woman who has given birth once after 20 weeks' gestation.

  12. Physical Examination • Vital signs • Head-to-toe assessment • Head and neck • Chest • Abdomen, including fundal height if appropriate • Extremities

  13. Physical Examination (cont.) • Pelvic examination • Examination of external and internal genitalia • Bimanual examination • Pelvic shape: gynecoid, android, anthropoid, platypelloid • Pelvic measurements: diagonal conjugate, true (obstetric) conjugate, and ischial tuberosity

  14. Laboratory Tests • Urinalysis • Complete blood count • Blood typing • Rh factor • Rubella titer • Hepatitis B surface antigen • HIV, VDRL, and RPR testing • Cervical smears • Ultrasound

  15. Follow-up Visits • Visit schedule: • Early pregnancy: every 4 to 6 weeks • After 30 weeks’ gestation: every 2 to 3 weeks • After 36 weeks’ gestation: every 1 to 2 weeks

  16. Follow-up Visits (cont.) • Assessments • Weight & BP compared to baseline values • Urine testing for protein, glucose, ketones, and nitrites • Fundal height (see Figure 12.3) • Fetal movement • Fetal heart rate (see Nursing Procedure 12.1) • Teaching: danger signs

  17. Question • Is the following statement True or False? • A woman who is 24 weeks pregnant would arrange for a follow-up visit every 2 weeks.

  18. Answer • False • Rationale: A woman who is 24 weeks pregnant would have follow-up visits scheduled every 4 to 6 weeks until she reaches 30 weeks’ gestation.

  19. Assessment of Fetal Well-Being • Ultrasonography (see Figure 12.4) • Alpha-fetoprotein analysis • Marker screening tests • Amniocentesis (see Figure 12.5 and Table 12.3) • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) • Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) • Nonstress test; contraction stress test • Biophysical profile • Doppler flow studies

  20. 1st Trimester Discomforts • Urinary frequency or incontinence • Fatigue • Nausea and vomiting • Breast tenderness • Constipation • Nasal stuffiness, bleeding gums, epistaxis • Cravings • Leukorrhea

  21. 2nd Trimester Discomforts • Backache • Varicosities of the vulva and legs • Hemorrhoids • Flatulence with bloating

  22. 3rd Trimester Discomforts • Return of 1st trimester discomforts • Shortness of breath and dyspnea • Heartburn and indigestion • Dependent edema • Braxton Hicks contractions

  23. Nursing Management to Promote Self-Care • Personal hygiene • Avoidance of saunas and hot tubs • Perineal care • Dental care • Breast care • Clothing • Exercise (see Table 12.4)

  24. Nursing Management to Promote Self-Care (cont.) • Sleep and rest • Sexual activity and sexuality • Employment (see Teaching Guidelines 12.3) • Travel (see Teaching Guidelines 12.4) • Immunizations • Medications

  25. Question • While assessing a woman at 18 weeks’ gestation, which of the following would the nurse report as unusual? • Urinary frequency • Backache • Leukorrhea • Flatulence with bloating

  26. Answer • A. Urinary frequency • Rationale: During the second trimester, urinary frequency typically improves when the uterus becomes an abdominal organ and moves away from the bladder region. Backache and flatulence with bloating are common during the second trimester. Leukorrhea begins in the first trimester and continues throughout pregnancy.

  27. Preparation for Labour, Birth, and Parenthood – Perinatal Education • Childbirth education • Lamaze (psychoprophylactic) method: focus on breathing and relaxation techniques • Bradley (partner-coached childbirth) method: focus on exercises and slow, controlled abdominal breathing • HypnoBirthing: aims for a trance-like state in the woman, decreasing need for medications and minimizing her stress during childbirth • Birthing From Within: stresses self-discovery as the essence of childbirth preparation.

  28. Preparation for Labour, Birth, and Parenthood – Perinatal Education (cont.) • Options for birth setting • Hospitals: delivery room, birthing suite • Birth centres • Home birth • Options for care providers • Obstetrician • Midwife • Doula

  29. Preparation for Labour, Birth, and Parenthood – Perinatal Education (cont.) • Feeding choices • Breastfeeding: advantages and disadvantages • Bottle feeding: advantages and disadvantages • Teaching • Final preparation for labour and birth

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