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CHAPTER 19 SECTION 4

CHAPTER 19 SECTION 4. COLD WAR AT HOME. COLD WAR FEARS. July 1947 Congress replaces War Department with Department of Defense– under command of Joint Chiefs of Staff Created National Security Council to advise President

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CHAPTER 19 SECTION 4

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  1. CHAPTER 19 SECTION 4 COLD WAR AT HOME

  2. COLD WAR FEARS • July 1947 Congress replaces War Department with Department of Defense– under command of Joint Chiefs of Staff • Created National Security Council to advise President • Created CIA—Central Intelligence Agency– to gather strategic military and political information overseas

  3. ANOTHER RED SCARE • Although Truman opposed communism– some Republicans accused him of allowing communists in government • Truman established Loyalty Review Board in 1947– by 1951 more than 20,000 federal workers interviewed • 2,000 resigned • 300 fired as “security risks

  4. RED SCARE CONTINUED • House Un-American Activities Committee established in 1938– originally to investigate fascists • HUAC responded to charges that Hollywood was full of communist and sympathizers • Hollywood Ten– went to jail rather than answer questions– they were blacklisted

  5. RED SCARE • Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom– stated HUAC hearings violated democratic rights of Americans • Federal Bureau of Investigation– investigated league and scared away potential members • Similar effects on labor unions and liberal political groups

  6. SEARCH FOR SPIES • In 1948 Whitaker Chambers– former member of Communist party—accuses Alger Hiss of being a spy • Hiss was a lawyer at the State Department– allegedly passed documents to Chambers • Hiss denies charges but Chambers produces microfilm copies • 1950 Hiss convicted of perjury and sentenced to 5 years in jail

  7. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg • Convicted of providing Soviets with atomic energy secrets during WWII • Both executed in June 1953

  8. SEARCH FOR SPIES • Internal Security Act passed in 1950 • Required Communist Party members to register with federal government • Placed strict controls on immigration

  9. “McCARTHYISM” • As Korean War intensified, fear of communists intensified • Joseph McCarthy– Senator from Wisconsin fueled suspicions that spies and sympathizers were everywhere

  10. RISE OF McCARTHY • 1950 Claimed he had list of known communists working at State Department– never produced list • Chairman of Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations– waged war against alleged sympathizers in federal government • 1950 Margaret Chase Smith and others issued Declaration of Conscience • Condemned people who had turned Senate into “forum of hate and character assassination

  11. McCARTHY’S DOWNFALL • Even President Truman refused to criticize McCarthy • 1954 turned to charges that communists infiltrated U.S. Army • Television filmed Army-McCarthy hearings • McCarthy bullied and interrupted defendants in sharp contrast to Joseph Welch Chief Counsel for Army • After 35 days of testimony no evidence to support claims • Senate condemns McCarthy for conduct unbecoming a Senator

  12. NUCLEAR ANXIETY • Cold War anxieties forced United States and Soviet Union to develop more powerful weapons • 1950 U.S. began working on hydrogen bomb (H-Bomb)– 1000 times more powerful than Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Tested H-Bomb on a small pacific Island in 1952– destroyed it • 9 months later Soviets tested their own H-Bomb

  13. RELIGION AND NUCLEAR WAR • Many Americans turned to religion to calm their fears of war • Billy Graham—evangelist started drawing large audiences in 50s • Church construction rose from $76 million in 1946 to $868 million in 1957 • Reflecting religious zeal Congress adds phrase “One Nation, Under God” to Pledge of Allegiance and “In God We Trust” to U.S. Coins

  14. CALMING PUBLIC FEARS • 1951 Federal Civil Defense Administration formed • Began educating public on what to do in case of nuclear attack • Conducted “Duck and Cover Drills” in schools

  15. NUCLEAR FALLOUT • Radioactive fallout– by-product of nuclear explosions • Tests spewed tons of radioactive material into atmosphere • Crew of Japanese fishing boat 85 miles away developed radiation sickness • People realized no one was safe in a nuclear attack

  16. FALLOUT SHELTERS • Some Americans began digging fallout shelters • Companies sold concrete and steel igloos for $1500

  17. CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS • 1957 Hearings on dangers of fallout– defense officials claimed testing was safe– scientists disagree • Radiation released presented danger to environment and increased risk of cancer in humans • SANE– Committee for Sane Nuclear Policy led by Benjamin Spock– end nuclear testing

  18. SPACE PROGRAMS • Sputnik– Soviet satellite weighing 200 pounds launched into orbit in October 1957 • Bigger than 3.5 pound device U.S. was developing • Sputnik II– launched in November– had a dog aboard– satellite lasted 200 days • Explorer I January 1958– U.S. satellite

  19. U.S. RESPONSE TO SPUTNIK • Eisenhower creates NASA National Aeronautic and Space Administration in 1958 • 1958 Congress passes National Defense Education Act • Provided millions to improve science, mathematics and foreign language education

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