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Circulatory System

Circulatory System. OBJECTIVES: Understand the anatomy and functions of the circulatory system Know how the circulatory system maintains homeostasis Know several diseases of the circulatory system. Circulatory System. Overview Functions of the Circulatory System (CS)

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Circulatory System

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  1. Circulatory System OBJECTIVES: • Understand the anatomy and functions of the circulatory system • Know how the circulatory system maintains homeostasis • Know several diseases of the circulatory system

  2. Circulatory System • Overview • Functions of the Circulatory System (CS) 1. Internal transport system 2. Delivers O2 and nutrients to cells 3. Removes CO2 and metabolic wastes from cells 4. Interacts with digestive, respiratory and excretory systems to maintain homeostasis

  3. Circulatory System • Overview (cont) • Two Types of circulatory systems 1. Open CS a. Found in smaller and simpler organisms (e.g. arthropods and mollusks) b. Blood is pumped into open spaces called sinuses. 2. Closed CS a. Found in larger and more complex organisms (e.g. earthworms and vertebrates) b. Blood stays in vessels and is pumped in a loop under pressure.

  4. Circulatory System • Overview (cont) C. The human circulatory system is comprised of three components: the heart, bloodvessels and blood II. The Heart • Function 1. Pump blood throughout the body B. Structure 1. The heart is surrounded by a thin protective sac called the pericardium 2. The majority of the heart is muscle called the myocardium

  5. Circulatory System C.Factors that Affect Heart Rate • Blood Pressure - increase in BP will cause an increase in HR • Increase in Carbon Dioxide in blood will cause an increase in HR • Gender - females have higher HR than males • Age - the older you get the lower your HR • Temperature - as body temperature increases so does HR

  6. Circulatory System

  7. Circulatory System • Blood Vessels (3 Main Types) A. Arteries • Thick walled and muscular • Carry blood AWAY from the heart to tissues and organs • Why are arteries thick-walled and muscular? • Do arteries always carry oxygenated blood?

  8. Circulatory System • Capillaries 1. Walls are very thin and porous: one-cell thick and very narrow (WHY?) 2. Exchange of materials (Which materials?)

  9. Circulatory System • Veins 1. Thin-walled and muscular 2. Carries blood TOWARDS the heart 3. Many are located near and between skeletal muscles (WHY?) 4. Large veins contain valves (WHY?) • What happens if we sit or stand too long? • Do veins always carry deoxygenated blood?

  10. Circulatory System • Blood • Human body contains 4-6 liters • Composed of 45% cells and 55% plasma • Blood Plasma 1. 90% water 2. 10% is made of: a. Dissolved gasses (Which two?) b. Salts c. Enzymes and other proteins d. nutrients e. Liquid wastes f. Hormones

  11. Circulatory System D. Types of Blood Cells (3 Types) 1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): a. Transport oxygen using special iron-containing protein called hemoglobin that binds oxygen b. Disk-shaped c. Produced from cells in red bone marrow d. Have no nucleus and die after ~100 days

  12. Circulatory System • White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) • Protect the body against infection • Use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens

  13. Circulatory System 3. Platelets (Thrombocytes): a. Stimulate the formation of blood clots b. Platelets come into contact with a damaged blood vessel. c. The platelets rupture releasing clotting factors d. The platelet factors reacts with factors in the plasma forming a clot. e. This process occurs with in minutes.

  14. V. Disorders of the blood • Anemia (a reduction in bloods ability to carry oxygen) 1. Cause by: lack of iron, reduce RBC formation, excessive bleeding or it can be genetic(Thalassemia) 2. Symptoms: lack of energy 3. Treatment: dietary adjustments or drugs • Leukemia 1. Caused by an uncontrollable production of immature leukocytes. 2. Symptoms: Inability to fight off infection 3. Treatment: Bone marrow transplants, radiation and chemotherapy • Hemophila and Sickle-Cell Anemia 1. Look back at your genetics notes.

  15. VI. Disorders of the Blood Vessels • Varicose Veins 1. Cause - valves in the veins fail and blood over stretches the veins 2. Symptoms - large protruding veins, painful 3. Treatment - surgery or injections to collapse smaller ones. 4. Prevention – exercise, don’t cross legs over knees. ** Hemorrhoids are varicose veins in the rectum. • Aneurysm 1. Hereditary, artery wall is weakened. 2. Symptoms - none! 3. Treatment - immediate surgery

  16. Cardiovascular Disease A. Kills over 1 million Americans a year! B. Most common form is Coronary Heart Disease 1. Cause a. Slow build up of fatty plaque (atherosclerosis) along the walls of the coronary arteries b. Reduced blood flow to heart leads to a heart attack 2. Diagnosis a. Outward symptoms of a heart attack • pain in chest and left arm • cyanosis of lips • nausea and a cold sweat • dizziness • shortness of breath • denial!!!

  17. Cardiovascular Disease b. Lab Tests • Exercise EKG • Angiogram • A small tube is inserted into an artery of pelvis and worked into the aorta • Dye is injected into the artery • A fluoroscope will show where the dye goes • Blocked arteries don’t show up • 3. Treatment • a. Coronary bypasssurgery • Remove a vein from the leg • Graft the vein to the aorta and an unblocked portion of the artery.

  18. Treatment (cont.)b. Angioplasty 1. A small tube with a balloon at the end is inserted into an artery in the leg. 2. The tube is manipulated into the block artery of the heart. 3. The balloon is inflated. 4. The fatty plaque is smashed up against the artery wall 5. Sometimes a stint is placed in the artery to keep the artery open C. Stroke (The interruption of blood flow to the brain) 1. Causes a. Blood clot b. Atherosclerosis c. An aneurysm

  19. D. Risk Factors associated with Heart Disease (Check your parents!) • age • gender • genetics • diets high in fat (hyperlipidemia) • high blood pressure • smoking • stress • alcohol • obesity • inactivity

  20. E. Designing A Good Aerobic Exercise Program 1. Work at the correct intensity as measured by heart rate athlete 80-90% of the max. HR normal 70-80% of the max. HR older 60-70% of the max. HR (Maximum HR= 220 — age) *** e.g. a normal person 40 years of age (220-40) x 70% 180 x 0.7 =126.0 beats/min. 2. Work for at least 20 minutes or longer 3. Work at least 3 to 4 times a week 4. You can do any form of exercise that allows you to meet the first three requirements.

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