Bell Work

1. Bell Work • Place cell phones in the back. After the quiz answer the following question. • Explain the difference between the old immigrants vs. the new immigrants. This Day in History: August 23, 1784- Four counties in western North Carolina declare their independence as the state of Franklin. The counties lay in what would eventually become Tennessee. August 23, 1814- First lady Dolley Madison saves a portrait of George Washington from being looted by British troops during the war of 1812. August 23, 1927- Despite worldwide demonstrations in support of their innocence, Italian-born anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are executed for murder. August 23, 1939- Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pact, stunning the world, given their diametrically opposed ideologies. But the dictators were, despite appearances, both playing to their own political needs.

2. Urban Politics 1880 – 1920 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

3. Urbanization • Rural – Urban Migration • The Great Migration • Foreign Immigration

4. Political Machines

5. Patronage • Immigrants/Working Class • Votes • Tammany Hall • Boss Tweed • Graft • Fraud This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

6. II. The Era of Good Stealings • Infamous Tweed Ring: • Displayed ethics of age: • “Boss” Tweed employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk metropolis of $200 million: • Honest citizens cowed into silence • Protesters found tax assessments raised • Tweed's luck finally ran out: • New York Times published damning evidence in 1871 • Refused $5 million bribe not to publish it • Gifted cartoonist Thomas Nast pilloried Tweed mercilessly. • New York attorney Samuel J. Tilden headed prosecution. • Unbailed and unwept, Tweed died behind bars.

7. Thomas NAst

9. III. A Carnival of Corruption • Misdeeds of federal government leaders: • Credit Mobilier scandal (1872): • Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed Credit Mobilier construction company: • Then hired themselves at inflated prices to build railroad line • Earned dividends as high as 348 percent • Company distributed shares of its valuable stock to key congressmen • Newspaper expose and congressional investigation led to:

10. VI. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age • Gilded Age: • Sarcastic name given to three-decade-long post-Civil era by Mark Twain in 1873 • Every presidential election a squeaker • Majority party in House switched six times in seven sessions between 1869 and 1891 • Few significant economic issues separated major parties yet elections ferociously competitive • Nearly 80% of those eligible, voted

11. VI. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age(cont.) • Democrats: • Solid electoral base in South • In northern industrial cities—with immigrants and well-oiled political machines • Republicans: • Strength largely in Midwest and rural, small-town Northeast • Freedmen in South continued to vote Republican in significant numbers

12. VI. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age • Members of Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)—politically potent fraternal organization of several hundred thousand Union veterans of Civil War • Patronage—lifeblood of both parties: • Jobs for votes, kickbacks, party service • Boisterous infighting over patronage beset Republican party in 1870s and 1880s • Roscoe (“Lord Roscoe”) Conkling—embraced time-honored system of civil-service jobs for votes • Half-Breeds wanted some civil-service reform: • Champion was James G. Blaine of Maine • Two personalities succeeded only in stalemating each other and deadlocking party

13. Pendleton Act • President James Garfield • Charles Guitreau • The Price of Patronage • Assassination • President Chester A. Arthur • Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act • Federal Employees This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

15. Monday • Module 5, Lesson 3 Reading Quiz • Pages 242-248

16. A Little Practice…

17. What is the cartoonist attempting to convey? What does this cartoonist want you to believe?

18. What about this one?

19. And this one?

20. What specific historical evidence could you use to defend the artist’s perception in this cartoon? • What about to oppose his position?

21. Bell Work • Place cell phones in the back. • What brought about the Pendleton Act? What is a stalwart? What is Half-breed? This Day in History: August 26, 1794- President George Washington writes to Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee, Virginia’s governor and a former general, regarding the Whiskey Rebellion, an insurrection that was the first great test of Washington’s authority as president of the United States. In the letter, Washington declared that he had no choice but to act to subdue the “insurgents,” fearing they would otherwise “shake the government to its foundation.” August 26, 1920- The 19th Amendment, guaranteeing women the right to vote, is formally adopted into the U.S. Constitution by proclamation of Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby. August 26, 1968- As the Democratic National Convention gets underway in Chicago, thousands of antiwar demonstrators take to Chicago’s streets to protest the Vietnam War and its support by the top Democratic presidential candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey. During the four-day convention, the most violent in U.S. history, police and National Guardsmen clashed with protesters outside the International Amphitheater, and hundreds of people, including innocent bystanders, were beaten by the Chicago police.

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25. VIII. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People • 44% of nonwhite southerners illiterate in 1900: • Booker T. Washington championed black education: • Classic autobiography: Up from Slavery (1900) • Headed black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama: • Taught useful trades to gain self-respect and economic security • Self-help approach to solving nation's racial problems labeled “accommodationist” • Because stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy • Avoided issue of social equality

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27. VIII. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People (cont.) • Acquiesced in segregation in return for right to develop economic and educational resources of black community • Economic independence would be ticket to black political and civil rights • Training young blacks in agriculture and trades guided curriculum at Tuskegee Institute: • Ideal place for George Washington Carver to teach and research • Became internationally famous agricultural chemist • Discovered hundreds of new uses for peanut, sweet potato, and soybean

28. VIII. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People (cont.) • Dr. W. E. B. DuBois: • Saw Washington as condemning blacks to manual labor and perpetual inferiority • Earned Ph.D. at Harvard, the first black to do so • Demanded complete equality, incl. social and economic • Helped found National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 • Rejected Washington's gradualism and separatism • Argued for “talented tenth” of black community to be given full and immediate access to mainstream of American life • Washington and DuBois reflected different life experiences between blacks in South and in North

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30. Document Analysis • Historical Context​ • Audience​ • POV​ • Purpose​ • Why is it significant?