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Mental Retardation

Mental Retardation. TLSE 240. IDEA. “Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning existing with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period (before 18”…. Intellectual Functioning. What is intelligence? Different definitions and perspectives

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Mental Retardation

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  1. Mental Retardation TLSE 240

  2. IDEA • “Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning existing with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period (before 18”…

  3. Intellectual Functioning • What is intelligence? • Different definitions and perspectives • Can your IQ change? • Measured by IQ tests • Solve problems, think abstractly, remember important information, generalize, etc.

  4. MR • At least 2 standard deviations below the mean • Show normal curve • IQ of 70 or 75 and below

  5. Mental Functioning • Mild IQ 50 – 70 or 75 • Moderate IQ 35 – 49 • Severe IQ 20 – 34 • Profound IQ <20

  6. IQ formula • Traditional formula IQ = MA/CA X 100 • Example: MA of 12, CA of 10, IQ =120 • Example: MA of 5, CA of 10, IQ=50

  7. IQ formula continued • Try these: • MA of 9, CA of 10, IQ = ? • MA of 7, CA of 12, IQ = ?

  8. Adaptive Behavior • Skills learned by people in order to function in everyday life

  9. 3 Main Categories • Conceptual • Social • practical

  10. Conceptual • Academic-related skills such as reading, writing, money concepts, and using language

  11. Social • Interpersonal-related skills such as getting along with others, following rules of society, and being responsible

  12. Practical • Everyday activities such as eating, dressing, toileting, cooking, and using the telephone

  13. Assessing Adaptive Behavior • Rating scales or checklists completed by individuals who know the child well • Compare scores to non MR population • Does a weakness exist?

  14. Need for Supports • 3rd component of MR • A result of impaired intellectual and adaptive behavior skills • Different levels

  15. Level of Support • Intermittent – “as needed” basis • Limited – consistency over time, few staff members, not high cost • Extensive – regular involvement in some environments, more staff members, greater cost • Pervasive – constant support and highly intensive support

  16. Examples • Intermittent – counseling at the beginning of the school year • Limited – support to students with mild MR in inclusion courses

  17. continued • Extensive – support to students with moderate MR in inclusion courses • Pervasive – 24 hr/7day care for medically fragile condition

  18. Characteristics • Adaptive behavior skills are needed. • Focus on self-care • Learn social skills with reciprocal relationships

  19. Characteristics continued • Physical Development is delayed. • Motor skills lacking • Sensory impairment common

  20. Characteristics continued • Health Care Needs are often extensive. • Many are medically fragile • May need clean and intermittent catheterization, gastrostomy tube feeding, respiratory ventilation, medications • Seizures are common

  21. Characteristics continued • Communication is limited. • Eye movements • Noises • Communication boards • Sign Language

  22. Causes of MR • May be classified as: < prenatal (before birth) < perinatal (during birth process) < postnatal (after birth)

  23. Biomedical Causes • Examples: • Fragile X syndrome • Down Syndrome: extra chromosome • PKU

  24. Infections and Intoxicants • Examples: • Rubella • Syphilis • Alcohol consumption • Lead poisoning • Drug use • HIV

  25. Trauma or Physical agent • Examples: • Oxygen deprivation • Accidents • Child abuse

  26. Psychosocial • Examples: • Impoverished environment • Poor nutrition

  27. Preventative Strategies • Early prenatal counseling • Avoid sexually transmitted diseases • Infant screening • Proper child nutrition • Prevent lead poisoning • Early intervention programs

  28. Prevention Strategies continued • Remove environmental toxins • Vaccinate children • Genetic counseling • Access to health care • Others

  29. Some Teaching Ideas (mild) • Accommodations • Task analysis • Frequent positive reinforcement • Visuals

  30. continued • Frequent review • Pre teach vocabulary and concepts • Demonstrations/examples/modeling • At times, alternative assignment

  31. Some Teaching Ideas (moderate) • Individualized assignments • Paraprofessional or assistant or buddy system • Social skills instruction • Other therapies, as per IEP

  32. continued • Structure and consistency • Functional focus • Adjusted grading • Classroom climate of acceptance

  33. To Remember • MR can be mild, moderate, or severe/profound • IQ and adaptive behavior must be impaired • IQ = 2 or more SD below the mean

  34. continued • The person will require different levels of support • Many causes are preventable • Alternative teaching methods may be needed

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