Presentation Transcript

1. Gender and Economic Development in Millennium Challenge Corporation Indicators: An Assessment and Recommendations

   Prepared for the Millennium Challenge Corporation Prepared by Xiaojia(Lydia) Bi, Mariah Quinn Duffy, BickeyRimal, Kelly Thorngate, and Andrew Trembley
2. The MIPA Team Lydia Mariah Bickey Kelly Andrew
3. Project Overview Section I: Gender Equality and Economic Growth Identify policy instruments of gender equality through relevant scholarship Review importance for economic growth Highlight linkages with other policy instruments Section II: Analysis of MCC’s Current Indicators Data collection and analysis Policy access and outcome Relevance
4. Project Overview Section III: Indicator Recommendations Modifications Business Start-Up Land Rights & Access Natural Resource Management Primary Education Expenditures Additions Credit Access Gender-Responsive Budgeting Women’s Health Girls’ Secondary School Enrollment
5. Project Overview Presentation Outline Recommendation Rationale Description and Data Feasibility
6. BusinessStart-Up Recommendation Modified existing indicator Current indicator measures time and cost associated with starting and formally operating a business Rationale Gender equality in economic participation and market access likely to contribute to economic growth Current indicator fails to account for gender inequality in business ownership and operation
7. Business Start-Up Description and Data Retain: current Business Start-Up measures New Measure: Global Gender Gap Index (GGI) GGI measures gender differences in economic participation and opportunity Source: World Economic Forum (WEF) Feasibility High Data published annually Improves gender-sensitivity
8. Credit Access Recommendation New indicator Rationale Capital access vital to business start-up & growth Female entrepreneurs particularly rely on credit Female entrepreneurs are constrained in terms access to credit Current Start-Up indicator assumes high capital access
9. Credit Access Description and Data Measure: domestic credit provided by banking sector Includes gross credit provided by financial institutions Not sex-disaggregated Raises prominence of issue particularly important to women Source: World Bank – World Development Indicators Feasibility High Regularly measured as part of WDI
10. Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB) Recommendation New indicator Supplement MCC’s existing Fiscal Policy indicator Rationale Gender-differentiated needs and priorities  ensure resources allocated efficiently Ensure fundamental equality in health and education Current MCC macroeconomic indicators not gender-sensitive due to reporting mechanisms
11. Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB) Description and Data Measure: percentage of parliamentary seats in Single or Lower chamber occupied by women Women’s political empowerment: precondition for GRB Source: UN Statistics Division Feasibility No international orgs keeping track of all GRB initiatives Women’s limited political empowerment
12. Land Rights and Access Recommendation Modified existing indicator Current indicator: 50% measures rural land use 50% measures peri-urban land use (for business) Rationale Increase in household wealth & business/agricultural investment Currently: equally values very specific peri-urban measures with general measures of land rights
13. Land Rights and Access Description and Data Reweight indicator components Rural: 75% Source: International Fund for Agricultural Development (no change) Peri-urban: 25% Source: International Finance Corporation (no change) Rural measures better proxy for general land rights & access Rural measures likely to become more gender-sensitive Feasibility High Easy to implement with no change in data sources
14. Natural Resource Management (NRM) Recommendation Modified existing indicator Current indicator considers four measures Eco-region Protection, Access to Improved Sanitation, Access to Improved Water, Under-5 Child Mortality Rationale Women’s different needs and priorities Better women’s health outcomes Current MCC indicator not strong in measuring outcomes Under-5 Child Mortality not sex-disaggregated
15. Natural Resource Management (NRM) Description and Data Retain: eco-region protection, access to improved sanitation, access to improved water New measure: environmentally-related diseases mortality rate Infectious and parasitic disease, respiratory infections, COPD Report separately for men and women Source: WHO Global InfoBase New measure: healthy life expectancy at birth Replace under-5 child mortality rate Source: UN Statistics Division Feasibility High
16. Women’s Health Recommendation New indicator Supplement MCC’s current health indicators Rationale Maternal health services  fewer maternal deaths Reproductive health services  lower fertility rates MCC’s health indicators lack sex-disaggregated data
17. Women’s Health Description and Data Measure: percent births attended by skilled personnel Measure of maternal health services Source: UNICEF Measure: unmet need for family planning Measure of reproductive health services Source: UN Population Fund Feasibility High MCC already considers maternal health measure Both measures tracked by MDG
18. Primary School Expenditures Recommendation Modified existing indicator Current indicator measures total primary school expenditures Rationale Education for girls positively impacts other areas of economic development Girls’ access to schools improved through specific expenditures
19. Primary School Expenditures Description and Data Retain: total expenditures on primary school New measure: percentage of teachers who are female Source: World Bank: World Development Indicators New measure: transportation provision for education Source: Country-reported Feasibility Moderate Self-reporting not as reliable
20. Girls’ Secondary SchoolEnrollment Recommendation New indicator Replace Girls’ Primary Education Completion Rate Rationale Secondary school  improved earning potential Secondary school  desirable social outcomes Wage & non-wage returns higher at secondary level MCC indicator gender-biased, not gender-sensitive
21. Girls’ Secondary School Enrollment Description and Data Measures: Girls’ secondary school enrollment rate Gender parity in secondary school enrollment Source: UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics Feasibility High Measure already tracked by EFA and MDGs Unique, only recommendation that moves the bar
22. Conclusion Additions Credit Access Gender-Responsive Budgeting Women’s Health Girls’ Secondary School Enrollment Modifications Business Start-Up Land Rights & Access Natural Resource Management Primary Education Expenditures