Industrial Age and Progressive Reforms

1. Industrial Age and Progressive Reforms

2. Transcontinental Railroad

3. A watershed accomplishment in American history • Completed in 1869 when two railroads were joined at Promontory Point, Utah, allowing undisrupted railroad travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean • By the end of the nineteenth century, there were a handful of completed transcontinental railroads

4. Dawes Act

5. The act broke up reservations and gave some of the land to each Native American family for farming.

6. Ghost Dance

7. The Sioux adopted ritual called the Ghost Dance which they hoped would bring the buffalo back.

8. the Battle of Wounded Knee

9. At this battle the Army had become nervous because of the Sioux practicing the Ghost Dance. They gathered them up and tried to take their weapons, when this happened a fight broke out and 300 unarmed Sioux were killed.

10. Homestead Act of 1862.

11. Under this law, the government offered 160 acres of free land to anyone who would farm it for five years.

12. exodusters

13. African Americans who moved from the post Reconstruction South to Kansas.

14. Populism

15. This was a movement to gain more political and economical power for common people

16. Rutherford B. Hayes

17. Elected president in 1876 (in a closely contested election that was deadlocked in the electoral collage and was therefore decided in the House of Representatives) • Won fewer popular votes (and fewer electoral votes) than his opponent-Samuel Tilden- but was elected as part of a political compromise • Ended Reconstruction when he took office in 1877 • First Democrat elected after the Civil War

18. Jim Crow Laws

19. A system of laws that collectively mandated Segregation in all areas of life from that 1880’s to the 1960’s • These laws were deemed constitutional by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson(1896), and then deemed unconstitutional in a series of cases decided by the Warren Court in the 1950’s

20. Segregation

21. The policy enforced by Jim Crow Laws that kept blacks and whites separate in all aspects of public life and many aspects of private life • Ended by the Civil Rights Movement

22. Bessemer Process

23. provided a useful way to turn iron into steel.

24. Gilded Age

25. A nickname (coined by mark twain) for the period between the end of reconstruction (1877) and the turn of the century • The nickname applies to hold everything America at that time looked marvelously golden while that was only a surface appearance- a gilding- that hid the serious problems within America society

26. Laissez faire

27. The philosophy that government regulation of economic activity leads to inefficiency and that competition naturally provides the best regulation for business • During the Gilded Age, American economic policy was theoretically based on ____________ policies: though the government refused to regulate business, it aided business by giving industries property and materials.

28. Industrialization

29. Refers to conversion of the American economy from being dependent on farming to being dependent on manufacturing (industry) • Industrialization revolutionized the economic, social and political affairs of the untied states, affecting rapid charge in the gilded age and the early decades of the twentieth century

30. Urbanization

31. The trend toward Americans living in cities • Began accelerating the Gilded Age • 1920’s (Jazz Age) were the first time more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas • Immigration was a major cause

32. Alexander Graham Bell

33. Invented the telephone in 1876

34. Thomas Edison

35. Inventor known as the Wizard of Menlo Park • He is credited with creating the phonograph, the incandescent light bulb and the motion picture camera, among numerous other things

36. George M. Pullman

37. He built a factory to create luxury trains

38. John D. Rockefeller

39. He used the Standard Oil trust to almost completely control the oil industry. His ruthless business practices earned him huge profits, but caused people to label him a robber baron.

40. Sherman Antitrust Act

41. It made it illegal to form a trust, but many companies were able to avoid prosecution under the law.

42. Labor unions

43. Also known as organized labor, collective organizations of laborers that were first organized in the late 19th century to bargain collectively with management for improvements in working conditions, wages and hours.

44. Haymarket Affair

45. A bomb exploded at a demonstration in Chicago in support of striking workers.Several people were killed.Labor leaders were charged with inciting a riot and four were hanged although no one knows who actually set off the bomb.

46. Eugene Debs

47. This person led the violent strike against the Pullman Company

48. Mary Harris Jones

49. known as Mother Jones, gained fame as an organizer for the United Mine Workers

50. Sherman Anti Trust Act