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The Triumphs of a Crusade

The Triumphs of a Crusade. Chapter 29 Section 2. I Riding For Freedom A. New Volunteers. CORE Freedom Riders test SC case that ended segregation on busses Beat up riders and firebombed the bus  end Freedom Ride SNCC volunteers continue and ride to Birmingham (Alabama)

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The Triumphs of a Crusade

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  1. The Triumphs of a Crusade Chapter 29 Section 2

  2. I Riding For FreedomA. New Volunteers • CORE Freedom Riders test SC case that ended segregation on busses • Beat up riders and firebombed the bus  end Freedom Ride • SNCC volunteers continue and ride to Birmingham (Alabama) • Police Com. Pull them off the bus & beat them take them to Tenn. • Return to bus term. And sit in white only waiting term. • Refused service until Robert Kennedy calls set off to Montgomery

  3. Kennedy promised riders protection but no police at terminal • Angry white mob w/ weapons instead  Nat'l media attention that denounces the beatings • JFK sends US Marshalls to protect riders on the rest of journey • ICC ends segregation in all interstate travel facilities

  4. II Standing FirmA. Integrating Ole Miss • James Meredith wins SC case allowing him to attend the all white University of Mississippi AKA Ole Miss • Gov refuses to allow him to register • JFK follows precedent used by Eisenhower in Little Rock & sends Marshalls to escort Meredith  riots on campus (2 deaths) • Federal officials protect him on campus and his parents at home

  5. B. Heading to Birmingham • Birmingham was city known for its strict enforcement of total segregation in public life • Reputation for racial violence • MLK & SCLC invited to help desegregate the city • MLK leads march into Birmingham on Good Friday  Pol. Com. Arrests them • MLK writes open letter to white rel. leaders

  6. Posts bail & organizes over a thousand children march in Birmingham (the “Children’s Crusade”)  arrested • Next day another group of children march  fire hosed on Nat'l TV • Beat other and set dogs loose on them • These protests, econ. Boycott, & neg. media attention  end of segregation in Birmingham • Also convinced JFK that only a civil rights act would end the disorder and satisfy Af. Amer.

  7. III Marching to WashingtonA. A Dream of Equality • JFK demands congress pass a civil rights bill • Proposes one that guaranteed equal access to pub. Accommodations & gave US attorney power to file school desegregation suits • March on Washington (more than 250,000 ppl) including 75,00 whites • MLK stops reading written speech and improvises “I have a dream” speech http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vDWWy4CMhE

  8. B. More Violence • 2 weeks after MLK’s speech bombing at Birmingham church kills 4 girls • 2 months later JFK assassinated  JBJ carries his legacy & gets Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender giving access to public accommodations to all (libraries/parks, restaurants/etc.)

  9. IV Fighting for Voting RightsA. Freedom Summer • CORE & SNCC plan voting rights campaign that would gain Nat'l publicity  Congress to pass voting rights act • Project known as Freedom Summer focused on Mississippi • White college students recruited & taught non violence resistance tech. • 1,000 vol. (mostly white & 1/3 women) went to Miss to help the maj. Af. Amer. SNCC register voters • Disappearance of 3 civ. Rights workers no action by congress

  10. B. The Selma Campaign • SCLC conducts major campaign in Selma (Alabama) were SNCC had been for 2 yrs. • Af. Amer. More than ½ of pop but only 3% of voters • MLK hoped that Selma Campaign would provoke a hostile white response  convince LBJ to sponsor a fed. Voting rights law • Demonstrator shot and killed  50 mile march from Selma to state cap. Of Montgomery • TV news bulletins interrupt TV scheduling to show extreme violence against marchers demonstrators pouring into Selma • LBJ urges congress to quickly pass new voting rights act

  11. D. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • 10 weeks after Selma to Montgomery march Congress passes Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Eliminates the literacy test that disqualified many voters • Fed officials can enroll voters denied by state officials • Af. Amer voters – Selma 10% 60% in 4 yrs. & tripled in S • Huge civil rights victory BUT centuries of segregation and discrimination produced deep rooted SOCIAL & ECONOMIC inequalities  erupt in violence in Northern cities

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