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Field Research and Survey Method

Field Research and Survey Method. Field Research. Naturalistic Archival Surveys Case Studies Program Evaluations Field Experiments. Naturalistic Observation vs. Case Study. Naturalistic Observation Ethology Sociology Psychology Rosenhan Case Studies Freud Witmer Piaget.

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Field Research and Survey Method

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  1. Field Research and Survey Method

  2. Field Research • Naturalistic • Archival • Surveys • Case Studies • Program Evaluations • Field Experiments

  3. Naturalistic Observation vs. Case Study • Naturalistic Observation • Ethology • Sociology • Psychology • Rosenhan • Case Studies • Freud • Witmer • Piaget

  4. Differences Between the Two? • Role of the researcher • Case Study • Intervention • Naturalistic Observation • Describe

  5. When to Use Low-Constraint? • Exploratory • Rosenhan • Feasibility of new technique • Generalizabilty • Do controlled environments = the real world? • Psychological Maladies • H.M. • Anna O. • Ethics

  6. Benefits of Low-Constraint Research • New Ideas • Negate general propositions • Genocidal Chimpanzees • (However, you cannot establish new laws) • Relationship between variables • Contingency • Flexibility

  7. The Low-Constraint Method • Qualitative Research • Categorical data • General Problem Statements • Aids in flexibility • Observations • Unobtrusive • Participant observer • Measurement reactivity • Reactive measures • Nonreactive measures

  8. Methodology Continued • Unobtrusive Measures • Operational definition • Likert vs. Tile floor • Archival Measures • Sampling • Representativeness • Situation • Interpretation • Difficult with little control

  9. Problems of Low-Constraint Studies • Representativeness • Random Assignment? • Nuns and Alcoholism • Replicability • Documenting procedures • Causation? • Post-dictive explanation • Ex post facto fallacy

  10. Additional Problems • Experimenter Bias • Deductions • Freud • Experimenter Reactivity • Hawthorne Effect • Generalizing further than the data • Rosenhan

  11. Survey • Status Survey • Survey research • Discover relationship between variables Case study  Experiment

  12. Survey Research • What to study? • Population? • Administer? • Phone vs. In person • Questionnaire vs. Interview Schedule • Factual items vs. Content Items • Demographics vs. Indicators

  13. Develop a Survey Instrument • Questions • Form • Order • Items • Open-ended • Multiple-choice • Likert-scale items

  14. Things to Consider • Ordering effects • Counterbalance • Double-barreled questions • Length of the Questionnaire • Important questions first, Demographics last

  15. Sampling • Sample • Nonprobability vs. Probability • Simple random sample • Stratified random sampling • Homogenous vs. Heterogeneous • Confidence Interval

  16. Research Design • Cross-sectional • 3rd, 4th, and 5th graders, at one time • Cohort effect • Longitudinal/panel Design • Follow the 3rd graders for three years • Cost

  17. Merits/Drawbacks • Ask a lot of questions • Find new relationships • Quick • Applicability • Causation? • Validity?

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