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Reactions of Monosaccharides

Reactions of Monosaccharides. Reduction . Reducing the carbonyl group in a monosaccharide produces sugar alcohols, called alditols Example: glucose is reduced to glucitol (common name = sorbitol). Uses of these sugar alcohols. Sweeteners! Sugar-free products Diet soda Sugarless gum

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Reactions of Monosaccharides

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  1. Reactions of Monosaccharides

  2. Reduction • Reducing the carbonyl group in a monosaccharide produces sugar alcohols, called alditols • Example: glucose is reduced to glucitol (common name = sorbitol)

  3. Uses of these sugar alcohols • Sweeteners! • Sugar-free products • Diet soda • Sugarless gum • Side Effects to Accumulation of Sorbitol • Discomfort • Cataracts • Diabetes

  4. Disaccharides and Blood Types • The blood type of a person is determined by the carbohydrates contained in the blood and can be: A, B, AB or O • All blood types have: • N-acetylglucosamine • Galactose • Fucose

  5. Differences • A blood • Also has an extra: N-acetylgalactosamine • B blood • Has an extra galactose AB has both blood types O just has the basic 3 carbohydrates

  6. Who can give to who? • A can receive only A and O • A has antibodies against B • B can receive only B and O • B has antibodies against A • AB can receive A, B, AB or O • AB contains no antibodies • O can only receive O • O produces both antibodies found in A and B

  7. Polysaccharides • Starch is made of 2 kinds of polysaccharides: • Amylose • 250-4000 α-D-glucose molecules • A “straight-chain polymer” • Amylopectin • Also made of many glucose molecules • A “branched-chain polymer”

  8. Starches • Starches hydrolyze easily in water and acids and break down in the following way: • Starch  dextrins  maltose  glucose

  9. Glycogen and Cellulose • Glycogen • Animal starch • Stored in the liver/muscle of animals • Maintains the blood level of glucose and energy between meals • Similar to that starch that is in plants, but is more highly branched

  10. Glycogen and Cellulose • Cellulose • Major structural material for wood and plants • Long, un-branched chains of glucose • The rows of isomers make cellulose insoluble in water due to the hydrogen bonds that hold them together • Humans cannot digest cellulose, whereas some animals can due to extra bacteria and protozoa within their digestive systems

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