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Translated and Paraphrased Plagiarism

Translated and Paraphrased Plagiarism. The cat and mouse game continues. One man’s rigor is another man’s mortis. - CF Bohren and DR Huffman, 1983. Overview. The ever changing counter-detection landscape Paraphrasing versus textual entailment Ways to paraphrase Tools of the trade.

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Translated and Paraphrased Plagiarism

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  1. Translated and Paraphrased Plagiarism • The cat and mouse game continues... One man’s rigor is another man’s mortis. - CF Bohren and DR Huffman, 1983

  2. Overview • The ever changing counter-detection landscape • Paraphrasing versus textual entailment • Ways to paraphrase • Tools of the trade

  3. Many Roads to Plagiarism The ‘old fashioned’ way

  4. Many Roads to Plagiarism Translated plagiarism.

  5. Many Roads to Plagiarism Translated plagiarism.

  6. Many Roads to Plagiarism Paraphrased plagiarism Back-translation: the latest form of plagiarism Michael Jones University of Wollongong, Australia 4th Asia Pacific Conference on Educational Integrity (4APCEI) 28–30 September 2009 Paraphrased plagiarism is not new either. However, there are new tools to aid in automatically paraphrasing text which are accelerating this form of detection avoidance. Paraphrase plagiat n'est pas nouveau non plus. Toutefois, il existe de nouveaux outils pour l'aide dans le texte paraphrase automatiquement qui sont l'accélération de cette forme d'évasion de détection. Paraphrase plagiarism is not new either. However, there are new tools to help in paraphrasing the text automatically, which are accelerating this form of escape detection.

  7. Many Roads to Plagiarism Paraphrased plagiarism

  8. Many Roads to Plagiarism Paraphrased plagiarism

  9. Paraphrasing vs Textual Entailment • Two sentences are paraphrased if they “mean the same thing”: • 1) Similarity: they share a substantial amount of information • 2) Dissimilarities are extraneous: if extra information in the sentences exists, the effect of its removal is not significant.

  10. Paraphrasing vs Textual Entailment • A paraphrase is a special case of textual entailment. A paraphrase is reflexive whereas textual entailment indicates that two sentences overlap to a degree with one sentence being subsumed by the other.

  11. Ways to Paraphrase • Lexical substitution/synonymy • Hypo/Syno/Hyper-nym replacement: article, paper or red, crimson • Acronym replacement: Mr., mister • Contractions: do not, don’t • Compounding/decompounding: ballgame, ball game • Numeric/Alphabetic numbers: 11, eleven; 12/1/2010, December first two-thousand-ten

  12. Ways to Paraphrase • Active and passive exchange • The gangster killed 3 innocent people. vs Three innocent people are killed by the gangster. • Re-ordering of sentence components • Tuesday they met vs They met Tuesday Zhou, Ming and Niu, Cheng. “Principled Approach to Paraphrasing.” U.S. Patent 11,934,010. 1 Nov 2007.

  13. Ways to Paraphrase • Realization in different syntactic components • Palestinian leader Arafat vs Arafat, Palestinian leader • Prepositional phrase attachment • The Alabama plant vs A plant in Alabama Zhou, Ming and Niu, Cheng. “Principled Approach to Paraphrasing.” U.S. Patent 11,934,010. 1 Nov 2007.

  14. Ways to Paraphrase • Change into different sentence types • Who drew this picture? vs Tell me who drew this picture. • Morphological derivation • He is a good teacher. vs He teaches well. vs He is good at teaching. Zhou, Ming and Niu, Cheng. “Principled Approach to Paraphrasing.” U.S. Patent 11,934,010. 1 Nov 2007.

  15. Ways to Paraphrase • Light verb construction • The film impressed him. vs The film made an impression on him. • Comparatives vs. superlatives • He is smarter than everyone else. vs He is the smartest one. Zhou, Ming and Niu, Cheng. “Principled Approach to Paraphrasing.” U.S. Patent 11,934,010. 1 Nov 2007.

  16. Ways to Paraphrase • Converse word substitution • John is Mary's husband. vs Mary is John's wife. • Verb nominalization • He wrote the book. vsHe was the author of the book. Zhou, Ming and Niu, Cheng. “Principled Approach to Paraphrasing.” U.S. Patent 11,934,010. 1 Nov 2007.

  17. Ways to Paraphrase • Substitution using words with overlapping meanings • Bob excels at mathematics. vs Bob studies mathematics well. • Inference • He died of cancer. vs Cancer killed him. Zhou, Ming and Niu, Cheng. “Principled Approach to Paraphrasing.” U.S. Patent 11,934,010. 1 Nov 2007.

  18. Ways to Paraphrase • Different semantic role realization • He enjoyed the game. vs The game pleased him. • Subordinate clauses vs separate sentences lined by anaphoric pronouns. • The tree healed its wounds by growing new bark. vs The tree healed its wounds. It grew new bark. Zhou, Ming and Niu, Cheng. “Principled Approach to Paraphrasing.” U.S. Patent 11,934,010. 1 Nov 2007.

  19. Tools of the Trade • Microsoft paraphrase corpus • Used to test algorithms • WordNet: English only :( • Synonyms, hypernyms, hyponyms, and antonyms. • Algorithms: Finite State Transducers (FSTs) and/or iterative Longest Common Sequence (LCS) on sets.

  20. Tools of the Trade • Stemming or lemmatization • am, are, is be • car, cars, car's, cars' car

  21. Word Alignment Examples According to the MS paraphrase corpus: This is a paraphrase 12/14 = 86% 12/16 = 75% Not Paraphrased (However, the first sentence is textually entailed by the second. Turnitin would currently match this.) 18/19 = 95% 18/26 = 69%

  22. Slippery Slope When does textual entailment become arbitrary/noise? 14/48 = 29% 14/34 = 41%

  23. Slippery Slope When does textual entailment become arbitrary/noise? 13/24 = 54% 13/21 = 62%

  24. Translated Plagiarism • Non-English markets, in particular, are concerned about their English as a second language students submitting English documents that have been translated to their native language.

  25. Translated Plagiarism • Initial approach: • Non-English documents searched as they are now • Additional search performed: Translate document to English, search English documents, and then display English matches with translations (or vice versa)

  26. Translated Plagiarism Our new strategic partner: On demand SaaS statistical machine translation

  27. Translated Plagiarism: Need for Paraphrasing? • Machines and humans translate text in many different ways. • Paraphrase detection allows us to match the variations. • Google translate: The zeitgeist is thinking and feeling one age. The term describes the characteristics of a particular period, or an attempt to remind us it. The German word Zeitgeist is transferred through English as a loanword into numerous other languages been. • Bing translate: Zeitgeist is thinking and feeling how an age. Is the nature of a particular era or trying to understand them. The German word Zeitgeist is taken from English as a loanword in many other languages. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitgeist

  28. Possible Turnitin UI

  29. Finis • Thank you for listening! • Questions?

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