19 th Century Architecture

1. 19th Century Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp

2. Topics • 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Joseph Paxton • Henry Labrouste • Gustave Eiffel • William LeBaron Jenney • Chicago School

3. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Early applications of iron and steel made their beginnings in architecture with the construction greenhouses to protect plants • Far East specimens brought back to Britain required structures that could create the humid heat of their native countries in the Far East

4. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Joseph Paxton (1801 – 1865) • Landscape gardener by training • Revolutionized architecture by with a design that he submitted for a building in Hyde Park, London to house the first modern World’s Fair in 1852 • Journalists dubbed this structure the Crystal Palace

5. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Crystal Palace • Constructed of iron beams and glass • Resembled a large greenhouse • After the exhibition, the structure was dismantled and re-erected in a park at Sydenham • Was destroyed by fire in 1936

6. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

7. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

8. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Henry Labrouste (1801 – 1875) • A French architect • Made strong use of cast iron in his Bibliotheque Ste-Genevieve in 1850 • Also designed the Bibliotheque Nationale

9. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Bibliotheque Ste-Genevieve • 1850 • A library located in Paris, France http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

10. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

11. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

12. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Bibliotheque Nationale • Located in Paris • The French National Library http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

13. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

14. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Gustave Eiffel (1832 – 1923) • Most famous French designer who used iron in the second half of the 19th century • Gained his fame from several bridge designs across France • Most famous structures • Eiffel Tower • Statue of Liberty

15. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Eiffel Tower, Paris • 1010-ft • At the time, was the tallest structure in the world • Erected for the Paris International Exposition in 1889 • Remains the largest iron construction in the world

16. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

17. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

18. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

19. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Statue of Liberty, New York • Eiffel designed the iron internal skeleton which supports the copper skin of the statue • Stands 151-ft • At the time of its construction, the statue had the most advanced diagonally braced frame in the world

20. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

21. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

22. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

23. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • William LeBaron Jenney (1832 – 1907) • Generally credited with early development of the skyscraper • Home Life Insurance Building in Chicago

24. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Home Life Insurance Building in Chicago • Considered the first skyscraper • Not entirely metal framed • The first floor contains sections of masonry bearing wall http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

25. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Chicago School • The term generally used to describe the buildings of Chicago from 1875 – 1925 • Important structures • The second Rand McNally Building • Monadnock Building • Reliance Building

26. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • The second Rand McNally Building • Designed by Daniel H. Burnham (1846 – 1912) and John Welborn Root (1850 – 1891) • Had all the elements of the modern skyscraper • Steel frame

27. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Monadnock Building • Designed by Daniel H. Burnham (1846 – 1912) and John Welborn Root (1850 – 1891) • Internal iron frame provided lateral bracing through riveted girder-column connections

28. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

29. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel • Reliance Building • 1894 – 1895 • Features • Decorative terra-cotta cladding • Repeats the same exterior elevation from the third floor to the attic

30. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

31. 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html

32. References • Sullivan, Mary; http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/ • http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wdpt1.html • Trachtenburg/Hyman; Architecture: From Prehistory to Postmodernity • Wodehouse/Moffett; A History of Western Architecture

33. 19th Century Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp