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POST CONFLICT MANAGEMENT OF SIERRA LEONE AND LESSON LEARNT

POST CONFLICT MANAGEMENT OF SIERRA LEONE AND LESSON LEARNT. Presented by Maj Sudeep Baniya. General background. civil war began in 1991 Ended after 10 years after the signing of Lome Peace Agreement on 7 July 1999 During the DDR process, 72500 combatants were disarmed

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POST CONFLICT MANAGEMENT OF SIERRA LEONE AND LESSON LEARNT

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  1. POST CONFLICT MANAGEMENT OF SIERRA LEONE AND LESSON LEARNT Presented by MajSudeepBaniya

  2. General background • civil war began in 1991 • Ended after 10 years after the signing of Lome Peace Agreement on 7 July 1999 • During the DDR process, 72500 combatants were disarmed and demobilized including 4751 women and 6787children • In total 63545 former combatants into civilian, political, social and economic life • UNPKO was able return more than 300000 IDP’s • Despite the heavily funded international reconstruction efforts, Sierra Leone has failed to address fundamental causes of the conflict

  3. General background….. • Concepts of SSR first emerged in the late 1990s • Generally accepted that the security sector includes Defense Law enforcement Intelligence services Institutions responsible for border management, customs and civil emergencies • First SSR program was implemented by the UK in Sierra Leone • It has been partially effective in transforming the security systems of Sierra Leone

  4. Statement of the problem • What were the causes of conflict in Sierra Leone and what type of model was implemented for DDR process? • How the process of reintegration, rehabilitation and reconstruction was carried out? • How the SSR model was implied in Sierra Leone after the conflict?

  5. Objectives of the study • To analyze the causes of conflict in Sierra Leone and DDR process • To document the consequences and steps taken during reintegration, rehabilitation and reconstruction phases • To analyze the effects of SSR process on security sector institutions.

  6. Causes of conflict in Sierra Leone

  7. Reintegration process • Aimed at facilitating ex-combatants’ re-entry into civilian political, social and economic life • In total 63,545 former combatants were reintegrated, of whom 6,845 were former child soldiers Economic reintegration • Vocational skills training • Formal education opportunities

  8. Reintegration process… Social reintegration • Fostering sensitization and reconciliation between communities and ex-combatants • Rehabilitating community infrastructure and agricultural land • Establishment of the Special Court and TRC to enhance transitional justice

  9. Reintegration process…

  10. Rehabilitation and reconstruction process • Government of Sierra Leone played a central role in the overall implementation of the CRRP Two major components • Emergency Recovery Support Fund (ERSF) • Training and Employment Program • Government closely worked in cooperation with the international community • Improvement of the efficiency and capacity of the public sector • Efforts to enhance the capacity of civil society for effective participation in post–war peace building

  11. Rehabilitation and reconstruction process Problems • Material and financial constraints was severely limited • Damage and or destruction of the economic infrastructure • Highly reliant on international support

  12. SIERRA LEONE'S SECURITY SECTORS IN PRE-CONFLICT ERA

  13. SIERRA LEONE'S SECURITY SECTORS IN PRE-CONFLICT ERA

  14. SSR PROCESS OF SIERRA LEONE • SILSEP started from June 1999 until 31 March 2008 • Evolved out of a need rather than designing a clear programme The political context • Continued conflict and in the stage of state collapse • Support from a number of external agencies to assist in stabilizing the country and making peace • Significant areas of the country were not under the direct control of the government • Differing views of stakeholders regarding the implementation/ model of SSR

  15. SSR PROCESS OF SIERRA LEONE…. GOALS • Formulate sustainable policy, institutional and legal framework for the creation of acceptable National Security and Defense Policies • Upgrade the RSLAF and SLP OBJECTIVES • Civil control of security forces • Strengthening the security forces

  16. ANALYSIS OF SECURITY SECTORS OF SIERRA LEONE AFTER SSR

  17. ANALYSIS OF SECURITY SECTORS OF SIERRA LEONE AFTER SSR…..

  18. FINDINGS • Date and duration • Basic causes of conflict (bad governance, corruption, unemployment, social inequality) Reintegration • Main focus for reintegration were the combatants and fighting forces • Lapses in documentation and screening of ex combatants • Vocational training to ex-combatants(Sierra Leone) and compensation money (Nepal) • TRC to enhance transitional justice

  19. FINDINGS… Rehabilitation and reconstruction process • Depended on support of international communities, • Inability of the government to create a secure environment for the private and foreign investors Analysis • Root causes of the conflict (extreme poverty, economical and social inequality, corruption, unemployment etc) haven't been addressed properly

  20. FINDINGS… MILITARY • Significant broader security capabilities • Developed capabilities to support SLP for internal securities • Less politicized than it was before • Capability to deploy in support of peacekeeping missions • Navy has also enhanced it's capability in controlling smuggling, • Increased willingness of military to operate under the limitations imposed by the civilian government • Government has still been unable to provide proper equipments, barracks and facilities

  21. FINDINGS… POLICE • Developed it's capabilities in policing duties • Less politicized that that of pre conflict era • Not been able to effectively combat crime, smuggling or illegal diamond mining/ Assisted by RSLAF • Suffers from significant levels of corruption, and a lack of public confidence

  22. Social reintegration is most • All hands must be on deck to promote post-war reconstruction and peace building • The goals of SSR were to build strong institutions and security organizations that operated under democratic control with public accountability and strong judicial systems • SSR was partially successful CONCLUSION

  23. Recommendations(Reintegration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction process) • concept of social and economical reintegration • TRC as a major tool • Every affected groups should be included in post conflict process • Civilian organizations and international communities are the keys for the reconstruction process after post- conflict • Outside support is needed in the form of technical advice and funding • Stable, dedicated and non-corrupt government is the most for reconstruction • Employment oppurtunities Efforts not only limited to prevent the conflict but also to address the root causes of conflict

  24. Recommendations…(SSR)

  25. THANK YOU

  26. ANY QUERIES?

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