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CH: 10 -1850’s: The Union in Peril

CH: 10 -1850’s: The Union in Peril. Prelude to the Civil War. The Debate over California. California Gold Rush (1848-49) brings over 80,000 white Americans to California Organized free state government, backed by Taylor Clay offered compromise Omnibus Bill Omnibus = “for everything ”.

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CH: 10 -1850’s: The Union in Peril

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  1. CH: 10 -1850’s: The Union in Peril Prelude to the Civil War

  2. The Debate over California • California Gold Rush (1848-49) brings over 80,000 white Americans to California • Organized free state government, backed by Taylor • Clay offered compromise Omnibus Bill • Omnibus = “for everything”

  3. The Debate over California William Seward denounced compromise & spoke of obeying “higher law” Calhoun warned South would leave union if right to own slaves not guaranteed Taylor died in July 1850, making Millard Fillmore president Stephen Douglas broke up Omnibus Bill & engineered Compromise of 1850

  4. John C. Calhoun was too ill to deliver his speech on Clay’s Compromise himself, so it was read by another senator with Calhoun present in the Senate Chamber. Calhoun, so ill he had to be helped out of the Chamber after the speech by two of his friends, died on March 31, 1850. Calhoun warns the Senate that it must take measures to ensure the Southerners can remain in the union "with their honor and their safety" intact.

  5. Webster viewed slavery as a matter of historical reality rather than moral principle. He argued that the issue of its existence in the territories had been settled long ago when Congress prohibited slavery in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and divided regions into slave and free in the 1820 Missouri Compromise. He believed that slavery where it existed could not be eradicated but also that it could not take root in the newly acquired agriculturally barren lands of the southwest.

  6. To resolve the issue, Clay created a series of resolutions he wished to be adopted by Congress. After seven months of debate in the Senate, his legislative package was voted down.

  7. The Compromise of 1850 1.) California admitted as a free state 2.) New Mexico and Utah territory organized on basis of popular sovereignty 3.) Texas-New Mexico border resolved. Texas cedes land to NM in exchange for $10 million 4.) Fugitive Slave Act made federal government responsible for catching & returning escaped slaves 5.) Slave trade (but not slavery) abolished in the District of Columbia

  8. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1851)

  9. The End of the Missouri Compromise • Gadsden Purchase (1853) meant to secure southern route for transcontinental railroad • Arranged by James Gadsden & Secretary of War Jefferson Davis • U.S. paid $10 million to Mexico for over 45,000 acres south of the Gila River • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) meant to secure northern route of transcontinental railroad • Stephen Douglas wrote bill organizing remaining Louisiana Purchase territory into 2 territories: Nebraska and Kansas; Slave state or free state to be determined on basis of popular sovereignty • Explicitly repealed Missouri Compromise (36-30)

  10. Rounding Out the Lower 48

  11. The Kansas-Nebraska Act

  12. Bleeding Kansas • Abolitionist & proslavery forces race to populate Kansas & write state constitution • Both sides stage attacks • Massachusetts State Kansas Committee • “Border Ruffians” pro-slavery men from Missouri – *the sack of Lawrence. • Anti-Slavery faction is led by John Brown responsible for Pottawatomie Massacre • Congressman Preston Brooks (SC) savagely beat Senator Charles Sumner (MA) in the Senate (May 22, 1856)

  13. “The Sumner Affair”

  14. The Election of 1856 • Democrats nominate Ambassador James Buchanan (PA) • Southern Whigs & Know-Nothings form American Party – nominate Fillmore • Conscience Whigs, Antislavery Democrats & Free Soilers form new Republican Party – nominate Fremont James Buchanan John C. Fremont

  15. Free Soil Party • Established: 1848 • Major Platform: • Anti-extension of slavery • Not abolitionists • Pro-labor • “Free soil, free labor, free men” • Martin Van Buren nominated in 1848, wins 10% of popular vote. • Forerunner of the Republican Party

  16. Know-Nothing Party • Established: 1854 (American Party) • “I know nothing” • Comprised of middle class Protestants • Major Platform: • Nativism • Anti-Catholic • Anti-immigrant

  17. Whig Party • Established: 1834 • Opposition to “King Andrew I” • Party of personalities: • Henry Clay, Daniel Webster • Major Platform • Pro-business • Divided on slavery • Sectional rift exposed by the Compromise of 1850 • Conscience Whigs (anti-slavery) leave following Taylor’s nomination

  18. Republican Party • Established: 1854 • Founder: Horace Greeley / New York Tribune • Major Platform: • Opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories • Opposed KA-NEB Act • Consolidated the anti-slavery vote • Free Soilers, Conscience Whigs, Democrats, etc. • 1856 – Fremont nominated • 1860 – Lincoln nominated

  19. Democratic Party • Established: 1840 • Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans • Jackson’s Democrats • Major Platform: • States’ rights • Limited gvt. • Divided over slavery • Party Splits in 1860 • Northern Democrats • Southern Democrats

  20. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Dred Scott • Dred Scott was slave of Army doctor • had lived in free state & territory • sued for freedom • Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled: • Scott had no standing to bring suit • African Americans are not citizens & have no rights • Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional • Any attempt to limit slavery in territories (even by territorial legislature) unconstitutional Roger Taney

  21. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Buchanan backed fraudulent pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution (1858) • Douglas opposed – declared “Freeport Doctrine” in debates with Lincoln • Dred Scott ruling must be respected • Territories could still bar slavery by failing to pass necessary laws • Lincoln pointed out inherent contradiction

  22. John Brown’s Body • Brown was Connecticut native with apocalyptic vision • Led raid on federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, VA to start slave rebellion • Convicted of treason against Commonwealth of Virginia & executed • Became martyr to abolitionists The arraignment of John Brown Brown’s Last Moments, by Thomas Hovdenden (1884)

  23. Election of 1860 • Abraham Lincoln (Ill) wins Republican nomination over William Henry Seward (NY) • Democrats split: • Northern Democrats nominate Stephen Douglas • Southern Democrats nominate John Breckinridge • Constitutional Union Party platform ignores the issue of slavery • http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1860

  24. The Confederate States of America • Southerners are hostile to President-elect Lincoln • South Carolina is the first to secede (12/20/1860) • The Confederate States of America are formed (2/4/1861) • SC, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX (Deep South) • CSA Elects officials and drafts a constitution devoted to states’ rights • Jefferson Davis (MI) – President • Alexander Stephens (GA) – Vice President

  25. Jefferson Davis Alexander Stephens

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