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Grammar Review

Grammar Review . Semester One: Unit 6, 7, 8. Unit 6: Verb Tense and Voice. Main Rules: All verbs have three main forms: base or present tense (call), a past form (called), and a future form (will call) Some verbs are irregular…sorry! See 143

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Grammar Review

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  1. Grammar Review Semester One: Unit 6, 7, 8

  2. Unit 6: Verb Tense and Voice Main Rules: • All verbs have three main forms: base or present tense (call), a past form (called), and a future form (will call) • Some verbs are irregular…sorry! See 143 • You really need to remember all the to be verbs rules for this section to make sense.

  3. Present, Past, Future: Basic forms • Present tense is a constant, habitual, or common action and is used to describe what is happening right now. • Past tense is an action or condition that was started and completed in the past. • The future tense is an action or condition that has yet to happen; takes place in the future

  4. Perfect Tenses: used for time specific sentences! • The present perfect tense (has/have) expresses an action or condition that occurred at some indefinite (don’t know) time in the past. Also could be an action that began in the past and continues in the future. Ex: She has heard this song. They have remained in school all year.

  5. Perfect Tense: cont… • The past perfect tense (had) indicates one past action that began and ended before another past action started. Ex: By the time we left, my dog had fallen asleep. • The future perfect tense (will have) is used for a future action that will begin and end before another future event. Ex: By tomorrow, I will have finished the English 10 final exam. *There is a helpful chart on page 149

  6. Progressive Forms • Progressive can be used with all the verb tenses by adding an –ing. Progressive just means a continuing action Ex: They are singing (present progressive) They were singing (past progressive) They will be singing (future progressive) They have been trying (present perfect prog) They had been trying (past perfect prog) They will have been trying (future perfect prog)

  7. Emphatic! Forms • The emphatic form means you want to emphasize the verb. To do this you add the words do (present), did (past), does (future) Ex: (non emphatic) He tries. Ex: (emphatic) He does try.

  8. Active and Passive Verbs • An action verb should be in the active voice when the subject performs the action. Ex: The dog chased the cat. • A passive verb is used when the action is performed on the subject. (to make the passive form just add the correct form of be to the past form of the verb. Ex: The cat was chased by the dog.

  9. Unit 6 Practice Questions • Historians _______ the Roman army for hundreds of years.(present perfect progressive of study). • The Romans _______ the Samnites before they agreed to be Rome’s allies. (past perfect of defeat) • This time I _______ to Roman ruins. (future tense of go). • Rome ______ many enemies. (past tense of have)

  10. Unit 6 Practice Questions Change the following sentences based on the directions: • Before my dad left for work he watered the lawn. (Change to future perfect) • The music class is taught by the former opera singer. (change to active voice) • She tried to sing on pitch. (Change to empathic)

  11. Unit 7: Subject Verb Agreement Main Rules: 1. Every verb must agree with its subject in gender and in number Note: Usually, a singular subject has a verb ending in s (he takes) and a plural subject has a verb without ans (they take). This seems opposite of what it should be…. * the auxiliary verbs be, have, and do change form to show agreement.

  12. Review of parts of sentence: Subjects • Subject: performs the verb (simple subject=one, compound subject=more than one) Simple: I snore. Compound: My husband and I both snore

  13. What is a predicate nominative? (46) • A predicate nominative means that the subject is listed two times and joined with a linking verb. So sentences with a PN will always have a linking verb (was, is, are) • It was he who called. • The best tennis players are Crystal and I.

  14. Objects • Object: receives the action/verb • Direct object directly relates to the verb ex: Joe gave the gift. B. Indirect object exists only in sentences that already have a DO but there is also another object (more complex). ex: Joe gave Jane the gift.

  15. Lesson 45: remembering prepositional phrases • Don’t let prepositional phrases confuse the subject and verb of a sentence. The verb must always agree with the subject of the sentence, not the object of a preposition. • The books from Aaron were lost in his car. (you choose were instead of was because the subject is books..plural needs plural).

  16. Unit 7 Cont… • A collective noun names a group and is considered singular when referring to a group, and plural when referring to an individual. Example: flock (collective noun) Singular-The flock is ready to be sheared Plural-The members of the flock are sheared one at a time.

  17. Unit 7: Indefinite Pronouns • Sometimes an indefinite pronoun is used as a subject, and its verb must agree with it in number. • There are 3 kinds: 1. Always singular- each, neither, etc 2. Always plural-several, many, few, etc 3. Singular or plural-most, some, etc

  18. Unit 7 Example Questions • Neither of the girls (agrees, agree) with the referee’s call. • Dana’s sister and brother (goes, go) to all performances. • Everyone (hope, hopes) to be famous someday. • April showers (rains, rain) steadily but softly.

  19. Unit 8 Pronouns

  20. 52- Personal Pronouns: Case • Pronouns that refer to persons or things are called personal pronouns. • Personal pronouns have three cases: Nominative, Objective, and possessive *To know which form to use, really you must memorize the chart on page 181. Pronouns are really the only things that have case in the English language

  21. Quick Refresher • The subject of a sentence performs the action (verb), while the object of a sentence receives the action. Jane (subject) threw the ball at me (object).

  22. Nominative CaseSingular-I, you, she, he it/ Plural-we, you, they *Nominative-used for a per pronoun in a compound subject (Richard and I went to the movies). *Since Richard and I is the compound subject of the sentence (they are doing the action), this is why the nominative case (I) is used. Note: The nominate case is also used after a form of the linking verb be in formal writing!

  23. Objective CaseSingular-me, you, her, him, it/ Plural-us, you, them Objective-used for a per pronoun in a compound object (The book was thrown at my friends and me). Since my friends and me is the compound object (they receive the action) this is why we know to use “me” instead of “I” since “me” is the objective case.

  24. Possessive CaseSingular-my, mine, your, her…/ Plural-our, their, theirs… • The possessive pronoun indicates ownership. His playing is getting better. Note: You always use the possessive case when the pronoun precedes an ing verb. • Another example, “that book is hers”

  25. Practice Questions • Do you and (she, her) want to meet us after school? • (Me, My) singing finally put the baby to sleep. • Joan screamed at David and (me, I). • The person on the phone is (he, him).

  26. Lesson answers Grammar 52 Grammar 53 obj, me obj, him obj, her nom, she nom, We nom, she obj, him obj, me obj, me obj, them • she • his • them • theirs • he • I • its • her • me • My

  27. 53-More rules for the 3 cases • The nominative case is also used when the pronoun in question is an appositive to a subject. The sisters, Mary and she, attended the movie. Usually an appositive explains or identifies another noun or pronoun that comes before it. Example above- Mary and she is an appositive because it further identifies the sisters.

  28. More rules • The objective case is used for a pronoun that is an appositive for an object. The audience applauded the stars of the show, Billy and her. These rules are common sense if you understand the previous rules 

  29. Example Questions • Mrs. Ritchie saw two students, Lewis and (I, me), at the movies. • The senators from our state, Mrs. Brown and (her, she), will be appearing together on election night. • Bring the typists, Brian and (he, him), your manuscript as soon as possible.

  30. 54-Who and Whom • Use who (nominative case) for subjects. Who went out that door? • Use whom (objective case) for objects. Whom do you want to ask to the dance?

  31. Example Questions • Those (who, whom) read Ida’s book must have liked it. • Most people (who, whom) she told agree that she is right. • Friends (who, whom) read the diary urged her to publish the book. • (Who, Whom) are you asking to the dance?

  32. Example Questions • Those (who, whom) read Ida’s book must have liked it. • Most people (who, whom) she told agree that she is right. • Friends (who, whom) read the diary urged her to publish the book. • (Who, Whom) are you asking to the dance?

  33. Lesson 54 • WHO • WHOM • WHOM • WHOM • WHO • WHO • WHO • WHO • WHOM • WHO • Lesson 55 • GRANDPARENTS, THEIR • GIRL, HER • MAPLE, ITS • SOLDIERS, THEIR • FATHER, HIS • BEAVERS AND BUFFALO, THEIR • STUDENT, HIS OR HER • ELLIE, HER • COMPUTER, ITS • UNCLE DWIGHT, HIS

  34. 55:Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement • An antecedent is the word or group of words to which a pronoun refers or that a pronoun replaces. • A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number (singular/plural) and gender (masculine, feminine, or neutral)

  35. Examples • Soldiers are expected to obey ______ officers. • Ms. Sun said you could take ______ class next year. • A student has to be ready to do _______ best work. • My stepfather likes ______ new job.

  36. Lesson 56 • Exercise 1: • her • their • her • her • his • your • his • they • their • her • Exercise 2: • TRAVELING, IT • RANDALL AND I, WE • RANDALL, HE • I, MY • PARENTS, THEY • MOM AND DAD, THEIR • TRAVELERS, THEIR • BIKE, ITS • RIDER, HIS OR HER • BICYCLES, THEIR

  37. 57: Indefinite Pronoun Antecedents • In general, use a singular personal pronoun with the antecedent is a singular indefinite pronoun such as anybody, everyone, something Neither of the boys have his report. • You use plural only when the antecedent is plural indefinite pronoun like: several, both, many… Both of the girls presented their essays.

  38. Lesson 57 • Exercise 1 • ANYONE, HIS OR HER • ALL, THEIR • SOMETHING, ITS • SOMEONE, HE OR SHE • ANY, IT • FEW, THEIR • ALL, ITS • NEITHER, ITS • NO ONE, HIS OR HER • ENOUGH, THEIR Exercise 2 • X • _ • X • – • X • – • X • – • X • -

  39. 58: Make sure you are as clear as possible! • Make sure that a pronoun can’t possibly refer to more than one antecedent Unclear Example: After the planes unloaded the passengers, they left the terminal. Clear: After they were unloaded from the plan, the passengers left the terminal.

  40. Lesson 58 EXERCISE 1: ANSWERS MAY VARY. SUGGESTIONS FOLLOW. • THE APPLES • THE GOVERNMENTS • HER SADNESS • THE ANIMAL • THE GOLDEN BEARS OR YELLOW JACKETS • HIS APOLOGY • THE OXYGEN ENTERING THE OPEN WINDOWS • THE SKY • THE ANNOUNCER • A COLLEGE EDUCATION

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