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The Ancient Eqyptians

The Ancient Eqyptians. World History - Libertyville HS. Geography. River valley in the middle of a desert Desert prevented invaders from attacking Egypt Nile River over 4,100 miles long Flowed from S to N, emptying into the Med. Traveling the Nile (upriver / downriver)

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The Ancient Eqyptians

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  1. The Ancient Eqyptians World History - Libertyville HS

  2. Geography • River valley in the middle of a desert • Desert prevented invaders from attacking Egypt • Nile River over 4,100 miles long • Flowed from S to N, emptying into the Med. • Traveling the Nile (upriver / downriver) • “Upper” vs. “Lower” Egypt • Nile Delta: rich farmland

  3. Social Hierarchy • Social Hierarchy • Very stratified society • Pharaoh and family • Nobility, priests, generals • Merchants, soldiers, scribes • Farmers, laborers • (late in Egyptian history) Slaves • Mobility up or down possible • Women in Egypt • Same rights as men • Could own, trade property • Propose marriage, seek divorce

  4. Egyptian Technology • Hieroglyphics • Pictographic writing • Later, picture came to stand of for a sound (phonetic) • First written on stone and clay • L:ater written on papyrus, an early form of paper • Calendar – helped anticipate Nile River flooding, planting seasons

  5. Egyptian Technology • Mathematics • Excellent at geometry • Skillful engineers, architects • Medicine • Doctors could check pulse • Set bones with splints • Actually performed successful surgeries

  6. Egyptian Religion • After 3100 BC, pharaoh worshipped as a god • Other gods: 2000 + • Ra = sun god • Horus = sky god • Osiris = afterlife god • Isis = mother & wife goddess

  7. The Afterlife • Egyptian belief in afterlife • Eternal life available to all • Practice of mummification for elite, royal dead • Embalm, dry corpse • Remove all organs • Wrap in wax cloth bandages • Put in coffin in tomb surrounded by all things dead person would need in afterlife • Buried pharaohs in pyramids or tombs

  8. History of Egypt Upper Egypt crown Lower Egypt crown • Early history • 6-7000 years ago: first people moved into area • River allowed easy communication • Great unifier = King Narmer (ca. 3100 BC) • Legendary king who unified upper, lower Egypt • Established Egyptian state • Earliest hieroglyphics from this time • Crowns of Lower, Upper Egypt Double Crown of Egypt

  9. History of Egypt • Early Dynastic Period (1st to 3rd Dynasties) (2950-2575 BC) • Highly organized society • Irrigation projects • Thus, politically unified state • First step pyramid built • Old Kingdom Period (4th to 8th Dynasties) (2660-2180 BC) • Primary pyramid building time (Great Pyramid) • Hieroglyphics developed • Many characteristics of later Egyptian society established

  10. History of Egypt • First Intermediate Period (9th to 11th Dynasties) (2175-1975 BC) • State split in two • Rival Egyptians fought for power • Middle Kingdom (11th to 14th Dynasties) (1975 to 1640 BC) • United under strong pharaohs • Conquered Nubia (gold mines) • Classical period of art, literature

  11. History of Egypt • Second Intermediate Period (15th to 17th Dynasties) (1630-1520 BC) • Hyksos (Indo-European tribe from Palestine) invaded Lower Egypt • Composite bows • Metal (bronze) armor • Chariot • Hyksos were absorbed into dominant Egyptian culture • Egyptian dynasties continued in South

  12. History of Egypt • New Kingdom (18th to 20thDynasties) (1539-1075 BC) • Egyptians overthrew Hyksos in long war • Egypt became an empire (Nubia, Palestine) • Pharaohs were warriors, not priests • Anti-foreigner movement (Jews thrown out of Egypt)

  13. History of Egypt • Third Intermediate Period (21st to 25th Dynasties) (1075 -715 BC) • “Sea People” invaded through Palestine • Nubians conquered Egypt • Late Period (26th to 30th Dynasties (715-332 BC) • Egypt conquered by Assyrians, then Persians • Became independent in 404 BC

  14. History of Egypt • Greco-Roman Period (from 332 BC) • Conquered by Macedonians (Alexander the Great), 332 BC • Ptolemy, one of Alexander’s generals, est. himself as king in 320 BC • Romans conquered Egypt in 30 BC after defeating Mark Anthony & Cleopatra • Rosetta stone carved, 196 BC

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