College English 111

1. College English 111 Writing skills

2. 1. Punctuation Marks • The comma. • The period. • The colon. • The exclamation mark . • The quotation marks . • Capitalization.

3. After Yes and no Exemplary forms and abbreviations Exclamations , dates , family names followed by first name , salutations and ending of letters Examples Yes, I think / no, I don’t think so. namely , that is . Oh, yes / oh, no/ on December 31, 1996 Brown, James. Dear sir, sincerely yours, The comma ( , )

4. After An adverbial clause – phrase. Prepositional phrase at the beginning of a sentence. Introductory words and phrases. Transitional elements. Absolute elements and phrases Examples When he entered the room, he sat down. At work, he never talks. Upstairs, the house looks empty. In fact , indeed, however, consequently, yet, still. Rain or shine, he plays football. The comma ( , )

5. To separate Numbers and a series of items. equal parts and contrasted elements. Relative clause Appositives Examples 2,000/ 3,000,000 She bought a pencil, a ruler, a book and a map. He borrowed a book, read it, and then returned it. The boy’s father, not his uncle, ……… the boy, who works here, is Maha’s brother. Nada, Maher’s sister, works here. The comma ( , )

6. Before An ing- form phrase Tag questions Examples She went out, leaving her baby alone. He’s right, isn’t he? The comma ( , )

7. To replace omissions Prevent misreading Examples A bus is used for short trip; a plane, for a long one. In the morning, fog began to thicken. The comma ( , )

8. Punctuate the following • Jenny and Miss Smith came into the room looked around whispered to each other and then strangely enough walked out. • William’s store which sells many fancy groceries was recently repainted: and as a consequence it now looks very nice indeed. • Of course father it’s a pity” said Ellen “that people don’t appreciate the excellent work which you have done here.” • Jim and I considered going out later we changed our minds and decided to stay at home and rest

9. At the end of A statement An imperative Abbreviations Indirect questions Examples She slept. Sit down. Wait here. E.g. i.e. V.I.P. Please tell me what happened. The period ( . )

10. Inside Abbreviations Quotation marks Numbers with decimals Examples A.m / p.m. / s.o.s. She said, “I am happy.” 5.20/ 0.05 The period ( . )

11. Punctuate the following • This is an English class its about English grammar the professor is a Palestinian he is a good man the students are Palestinians they are serious.

12. To introduce A clarifying detail A list of details a direct quotation in the absence of ‘saying’ Examples What I want is clear: a big house. He always buys a lot of food: bread, meat, …… Se heard his angry words: “get out.” The colon (:)

13. After Each speaker in a dialogue. Expressions such as (as follows , the following) A formal salutation in business letters. Examples Teacher: who is a chemist? Student: you are. The rule is as follows: Note the following: Gentlemen: dear Mrs. Robinson: The colon (:)

14. Between Titles and subtitles of books. Volume and page reference Hours and minutes, Acts and scenes in plays. Examples Charles Dickens: the world of his Novels. Critical Inquiry, vol. 6: pp. 1-6. 2:30 / 4:55 Julius Caesar, III: iii The colon (:)

15. Punctuate the following • His article was published in Linguistics Sciences vol 18 pp 23-57 • I know our bosss is stubborn his answer is always no. • I heard her sing I love you • He is worried he didn’t do well in all his exams . • He failed the first exam yet he insisted on completing the course. • I watched hamlet iv ii on TV last night.

16. After An exclamatory utterance A strong command Ah To suggest surprise Examples What a clever boy! Shut the door! “ah!” she exclaimed. So you have really decided to go! The exclamation mark (!)

17. For a direct quotation With unfamiliar words , terms, titles , phrases , courses , etc. Examples Helen said “dinner is ready.” He said the story was “phony” Words worth’s “I wandered Lonely as a Cloud “ is an emotional , romantic poem. The quotation marks ( “ “ )

18. Capitalization • Capitalization (beginning the word with a capital letter) is an important feature on English writing. Failure to capitalize a word that should be capitalized is a serious mistake. • Remember to apply the following rules in your English writing:

19. Capitalize the beginning of every sentence, pronoun I , proper nouns , nationalities, religions, languages, titles of people, and written works. • Capitalize days, months , festivals, historical eras, events and documents, names of ships, college courses, abbreviations. • Capitalize directions when they refer to certain region, family relationships when used with the person’s name, and reference to a section of the literary work.

20. Capitalization • DO NOT capitalize the following unless they begin a sentence: • The seasons of the year, • centuries, occupations, • abbreviations like e.g. i.e. earth unless it refers to the planet, • proper nouns acting as common nouns, • the name of a general school subject • and family relationships when used with possessive pronoun.

21. Capitalize the following • jack gets up at seven o’clock in the morning. • he watches tv in the evening. • he goes downtown on saturdays and he goes to the movies on Saturday nights. • bill doesn’t live in a dormitory he has a private room. • he doesn’t have classes on tuesdays. • jack and bill are in the same chemistry class. • they take chemistry 212 with professor baker . • they don’t have classes on new years day. • mr. william allen is a professor. • is mrs allen a professor no she isnt