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    1. F091/F092 - Tópicos em Física, Raios Cósmicos e Partículas Elementares 2?semestre de 2009 F091 - Terças-feiras – IF11 das 16:00 hs. até 18:00 hs. F092 - Quintas-feiras – IF11 das 16:00 hs. até 18:00 hs.

    2. Conteúdo 1-Introdução (Histórico da Radiação Cósmica, relação com a Física conhecida na época e o inicio da Física de Partículas Elementares) 2-Algumas idéias básicas (transformações de Lorentz, relações relativistas, grandezas características das partículas elementares) 3-Interações eletromagnéticas de partículas carregadas com a matéria(ionização, bremsstrahlung, radiação Cerenkov) e de fótons com a matéria(excitação, efeito fotoelétrico, espalhamento Compton, criação de pares) “Teoria de cascatas” 4-Alguns exemplos de detetores(aplicação de Interações Eletromagnéticas)

    3. Conteúdo 5 - Interações Nucleares 6 - Produção Múltipla de Mésons 7 - Modelos de Produção Múltipla 8 - Vários componentes dos Raios Cósmicos 9 - Aspectos astrofísicos 10-Noções sobre CAE - Chuveiros Atmosféricos Extensos (=EAS). Enfoque para o Projeto Auger

    4. Bibliografia a) Les Rayons Cosmiques:Les Mésotons- L.Leprince-Ringuet, Albin Michel,1945 b) Cosmic Rays Physics- D.J.X.Montgomery, University Press, 1949 c)Cosmic Rays-L.Jánossy, Claredon Press,Oxford, 1950 d)High Energy Particles-B.Rossi, Prentice Hall Inc.,1952 e)The Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method-C.F.Powell, P.H.Fowler and D.H.Perkins, Permagon Press, 1959 f)Cosmic Rays-G.Zhdanov, Lawrence&Wishart, London,1959 g)Cosmic Rays-A.W.Wolfendale, Charles Birchall&Sons Ltd.,1963 h)Cosmic Rays-T.E.Cranshaw, Claredon Press, Oxford,1963

    5. Bibliografia i)Cosmic Rays-B.Rossi, McGraw Hill, Inc.,1964 j)Cosmic Ray Physics, A.E.Sandström, North Holland Publishing Co.,1965 k)Notas particulares, 1969 l)Cosmic Ray Physics-S.Hayakawa, John Wiley&Sons Inc., Interscience div., 1969 m)Selected Papers on Cosmic Ray Origin Theories, S.Rosen, Dover Publications Inc., 1969 n)Introduction to the Physics of Space-B.Rossi & S.Olbert, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,1970 o)Introduction a la Physique du Rayonment Cosmique, TomeIII, Physique des Basses Energies, J.E.Dupuy, 1972

    6. Bibliografia p)Introduction to Cosmic Radiation-O.C. Alkofer,Verlag KarlThiemig,München,1975 q)Cosmic Rays-Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.,1979 r)Cosmic Rays of Superhigh Energies-G.B.Khristiansen, Munchen:Verlag Karl Thiemig, 1980 s)Early History of Cosmic Ray Studies-Y.Sekido&H.Elliot, D.Reidel Publishing Co., 1985 t)The Particle Explosion-F.Close, M.Marten &C.Sutton, Oxford University Press, 1987 u)Introduction to Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics-P.Sokolsky, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,Inc., 1989 v)Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics-T.K. Gaisser, Cambridge University Press, 1990

    7. Bibliografia x)High Energy Astrophysics-M.S.Longair, vol.1-Particles, photons and their detection, Cambridge University Press, 1992 y)High Energy Astrophysics-M.S.Longair, vol.2-Stars, the Galaxy and the interstellar medium, Cambridge University Press, 1994 w)The Origin of the Concept of Nuclear Forces-L.M.Brown and H.Rechenberg, Institute of Physics Publishing Bristol and Philadelphia, 1006 z)Single Event Phenomena- G.C.Messenger & M.S.Ash, ITP-International Thomson Publishing, Chapman & Hall, 1997

    8. Bibliografia a)Cosmic Rays at Earth: Researcher’s Reference Manual and Data Book-P.K.F. Grieder, Elsevier Science B.V.,2001 b)Solar Cosmic Rays-L.I.Miroshnichenko, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001

    9. Bibliografia adicional a)Experimental Atomic Physics-G.P.Harnwell & J.J.Livingood, McGraw-Hill Book Co.Inc.,1961(1933) b)Experiments in Modern Physics-A.Melissinos, Academic Press Inc, 1966 c)Radiation Detection and Measurement-G.F.Knoll, John Wiley & Sons,1979 d)Introduction to experimental particle physics-R.C.Fernow, Cambridge University Press,1986 e)Tecniques for nuclear and particle physics experiments-W.R.Leo, Springer-Verlag,1987 f)Extensive Air Showers-G.Cocconi-Handbuch der Physik, Kosmische Strahlung I, Springer Verlag, Band XLVI/1 (1961), 215-271

    10. Bibliografia adicional g)Theory of Cascade showers-J.Nishimura, Handbuch der Physik-Kosmische Strahlung II, Springer Verlag, Band XLVI/2(1967) 1-114 h)Cosmic Rays and High-Energy Physics-Y.Fujimoto and S.Hayakawa, Handbuch der Physik- Physik-Kosmische Strahlung II, Springer Verlag, Band XLVI/2(1967) 115-180 i)Historical Review of Cascade Shower Theory and Its Application to Cosmic Ray Studies-Jun Nishimura- Proc. Riken International Workshop on Electromagnetic and Nuclear Cascade Phenomena in High and Extremely High Energies, December 22-24(1993),1-40

    11. Alguns artigos pioneiros sobre Raios Cósmicos a)H.Geitel-Phys.Zeits.2(1900-1901),116 b)J.Elster and H.Geitel-Phys.Zeits.2(1900-1901),560 c)On the leakage of Electricity through dust-free air-C.T.R.Wilson-Proc.Camb.Phil.Soc.11(November 1900),32 d)C.T.R.Wilson-Proc.Camb.Phil.Soc.11(1900),52 e)On the Ionisation of Atmospheric Air-C.T.R.Wilson-Proc. Roy Soc.68(1901), 151-161 f)C.T.R.Wilson-Proc.Roy Soc.69(1901),277- d)On the Spontaneous Ionisation of Gases-C.R.R.Wilson-Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol.69(1901), 277-282

    12. Alguns artigos pioneiros sobre Raios Cósmicos e)V.Hess-Wien Ber.120(1911),1575 f)V.Hess-Phys.Zeits.12(1911),998 g)V.Hess-Wien Ber.121(1912),2001 h)V.Hess-Wien Ber.122(1913),1053 & 1481 i)A Geographic Study of Cosmic Rays-Arthur H.Compton-Phys.Rev.43, no.6(1933) j)Georg Pfotzer, Z.Physik, 102 23(1936), <38- k)Recent Developments in Cosmic Rays-Arthur H.Compton- PHYSICS FORUM R.S.I.,vol.7(1936),71-81 l)A MEASUREMENT OF EXCESS ANTENNA TEMPERATURE AT 4080 Mc/s-A.A.Penzias and R.W.Wilson-American Astronomical Society LETTERS TO THE EDITOR vol.142 no.1(1965),419-421

    13. Alguns artigos Espalhamento Compton a)A QUANTUM THEORY OF THE SCATTERING OF X-RAYS BY LIGHT ELEMENTS-A.H.Compton-Phys.Rev.21(no.5)(1923),483-502 b)THE SPECTRUM OF SCATTERED X-RAYS-A.H.Compton-Phys.Rev.22(no.5) (1923),409-413 c) Über die Streuung von Strahlung durch freie Elektronen nach der neuen relativistischen Quantendynamik von Dirac -O.Klein und Y.Nishina-Z.Physik52(1929),853-868

    14. Alguns artigos Método de coincidência Das Wesen der Höhenstrahlung-W.Bothe und W.Kolhörster-Zeitschrift für Physik 56(1929),751-777 Circuito de coincidência B.Rossi-Nature125(1930),636- Componentes mole e dura a)B.Rossi-Pysikalische Zeitschrift 33(1932), 304-305 b) Über die Eingenschaften der durchdringenden Korpuskularstrahlung im Meeresniveau- Bruno Rossi-Zeitschrift für Physik 82(1933),151-178

    15. Alguns artigos Pósitron a)Some Photographs of the Tracks of Penetrating Radiation-P.M.S.Blackett and G.P.S.Occhialini-Proc.Royal Society A139(1933),699-727 (received February 7, 1933) b)The Positive Electron-Carl D.Anderson-Phys.Rev.43(1933), 491-494 (received February 28, 1933) c) Positrons from Gamma-Rays-Carl D.Anderson and Seth H.Neddermeyer-Phys.Rev.Lett.43(1933),1034 (May 18) d) Cosmic –Ray Positive and Negative Electrons- Carl D.Anderson-Phys.Rev.44 (1933),406-416 (received June 19, 1933)

    16. Alguns artigos sobre meson a)W.Heisenberg-Zeitschrift fur Physik 77(1932),1 b)W.Heisenberg-Zeitschrift fur Physik 78(1932),156 c)W.Heisenberg-Zeitschrift fur Physik 80(1933),587 d)Versuch einer Theorie der b-Strahlen.I-E.Fermi-Zeitschrift fur Physik 88(1934),161-177 e)On the Interaction of Elementary Particle-I-Hideki Yukawa-Proc.Phys.Math.Soc.Japan17(1935),48-57 f)C.D.Anderson & S.H.Neddermeyer-Phys.Rev.50(1936),263 g)C.M.G.Lattes, G.P.S.Occhialini & C.F.Powell Nature160(1947),453 h)E.Gardner & C.M.G.Lattes-Science107(1948),270

    17. Alguns artigos Mesotrons a)Disintegration of Slow Mesotrons-Franco Rasetti-Phys.Rev. 60(1941),198-204 b)Further Measurements on the Disintegration Curve of Mesotrons-Norris Nereson and Bruno Rossi-Phys.Rev.64, no.7&8(1943),199-201 c)On the Decay Process of Positive and Negative Mesons-M.Conversi, E.Pancini and Piccioni-Phys.Rev.Lett.68 (1945),232 d)On the Mean Life of Slow Mesons-M.Conversi and O.Piccioni-Phys.Rev.70,no.11&12(1945),859-873 e)On the Disintegration of Slow Mesons-M.Conversi and O.Piccioni-Phys.Rev.70,no.11&12(1945),874-881 f)On the Disintegration of Negative Mesons-M.Conversi, E.Pancini and O.Piccioni- Phys.Rev.Lett.71,no.3(1947), 209-210

    18. Alguns artigos Partículas estranhas (Kaon, ...) G.D.Rochester & C.C.Butler-Nature160 (1947),855

    19. Alguns artigos sobre Produção Múltipla a)Sur l’indétermination dans l’espace des moments et l’origine des gerbes à explosion-G.Wataghin, Comptes Rendues des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, v207(1938),358-360 b)G.Wataghin-Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências-(1943),129 c)The Multiple Production of Mesons-H.W.Lewis, J.R.Oppenheimer and S.A.Wouthuysen-Phys.Rev.73,no.2 (1948),127-140 d)G.Wataghin-Phys.Rev.74(1948),975 e)Production of Meson Showers-W.Heisenberg-Nature4158 (1949),65-66 f) Über die Entstehung von Mesonen in Vielfachprozessen-W.Heisenberg-Zeitschrift fur Physik,Bd.126(1949),569-582

    20. Alguns artigos sobre Produção Múltipla a)Sur l’indétermination dans l’espace des moments et l’origine des gerbes à explosion-G.Wataghin, Comptes Rendues des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, v207(1938),358-360 b)THE INFLUENCE OF RADIATION DAMPING ON THE SCATTERING OF LIGHT AND MESONS BY FREE PARTICLES.I-W.HEITLER-Proc.Camb.Phil.Soc.37(1941), 291-300 c)Penetrating cosmic-ray showers-L.Jánossy-Proc.Roy.Soc.A179 (1941), 361-377 d)G.Wataghin-Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências-(1943),129 e)Note on the Production of Cosmic-Ray Mesons-L.Jánossy-Phys.Rev.64,no.11 and 12, (1943),345-349 f)The Multiple Production of Mesons-H.W.Lewis, J.R.Oppenheimer and S.A.Wouthuysen-Phys.Rev.73,no.2 (1948),127-140

    21. Alguns artigos sobre Produção Múltipla g)G.Wataghin-Phys.Rev.74(1948),975 h)Production of Meson Showers-W.Heisenberg-Nature4158 (1949),65-66 i)Über die Entstehung von Mesonen in Vielfachprozessen- W.Heisenberg-Zeitschrift fur Physik,Bd.126(1949),569-582 j)ON MULTIPLE PRODUCTION OF PARTICLES IN HIGH ENERGY COLLISIONS-GLEB WATAGHIN- ANAIS DA ACADEMIA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS, Vol.46, no.2,9(1974),10314 c226

    22. Alguns artigos Produção Múltipla Experimental a)An Example of Multiple Meson Production Observed with a High Pressure Hydrogen-Filled Cloud Chamber-Osamu Kusumoto, Saburo Miyake, Koichi Suga and Yuzuru Watase-Phys.Rev.90 (1953),998-999 b)J.J.Lord, J.Fainberg e M.Schein c)W.B.Fowler

    23. Alguns artigos sobre EAS a)LES GRANDES GERBES DE RAYONS COSMIQUES- Pierre AUGER, Roland MAZE, Paul EHRENFEST Jr., André FRÉON-Jornal de Physique Radium 10,(1939)39-48 b)PRIMARY COSMIC RAYS OF ENERGY 1017 TO 1020 EV; THE ENERGY SPECTRUM AND ARRIVAL DIRECTIONS-John Linsley-Proc. c)END TO THE COSMIC-RAY SPECTRUM?-Kenneth Greisen-Phys.Rev.Lett.16,no.17(1966),748-750 d)UPPER LIMIT OF THE SPECTRUM OF COSMIC RAYS- G.T.Zatsepin and V.A.Kuz’min-Proc.(1966)

    24. Alguns artigos sobre EAS e)On the energy estimation of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays observed with the surface detector array-H Y Dai, K Kasahara, Y Matsubar, M Nagano and M Teshima- J.Phys.G:Nucl.Phys.14(1988),793-805 f)The cosmic ray energy spectrum above 4x1017 eV as measured by the Haverah Park array-M A Lawrence, R J O Reid and A A Watson-J.Phys.G:Nucl.Part.Phys.17(1991), 733-757

    25. Alguns artigos Origem dos Raios Cósmicos a)E.Fermi-Phys.Rev.75(1949),1169 & Astron.J.119(1954),1 b)V.L.Ginzburg-Dokl.Akad.Nauk SSR92(1953),1133 c)S.Hayakawa-Prog.Theo.Phys.15,no.2(1956),111 d)J.Linsley, L.Scarsi & B.Rossi-Phys.Rev.Lett.6(1961), 485 e)G.R.Burbidge & F.Hoyle-Proc.Phys.Soc.84(1964), 141

    26. Alguns artigos Cálculos de cascatas eletromagnéticas a)The Passage of Fast Electrons and the Theory of Cosmic Showers-H.J.Bhabha and W.Heitler-Proceedings of Royal SocietyA159(1937),432-458 b)Cosmic-Ray Theory-Bruno Rossi & Kenneth Greisen-Reviews of Modern Physics vol.13(1941),240-309 c)J.Nishimura and K.Kamata, Prog.Theo.Phys.5(1950),889- d)On the Accuracy of the Molière Function,I e II-J.Nishimura and K.Kamata, Prog.Theo.Phys.Lett.6(1951), 262-263 e 628-629 e)On the Theory of Cascade Showers, I-Jun Nishimura, Prog.Theo.Phys.7,no.2(1952),185-192

    27. Alguns artigos Cálculos de cascatas eletromagnéticas f)L.Landau & I.J.Pomeranchuk-Dokl.Akad.Nauk.SSR92, no.3 e 4(1953), 535-536 e 735-738 g)A.B.Migdal-Dokl.Akad.Nauk.SSR96, no.1(1954),49-52 h)A.B.Migdal-Dokl.Akad.Nauk.SSR105, no.1(1955),77-79 i)Bremsstrahlung and Pair Production in Condensed Media at High Energies-A.B.Migdal-Phys.Rev.103,no.6(1956),1811-1820 j)A Study of Electromagnetic Cascade Showers with the LPM Effect in Water for the Detection of Extremely High Energy Neutrinos-Akeo Misaki-Fortschr.Phys.38(1980) 6,413-446

    28. Alguns detetores Contadores proporcionais (detetores baseados em ionização) - descarga de gás 1.Ionização, proporcional, Geiger-Mueller 2.Contador de centelhamento a)câmara de centelha b)neon ‘flash tube’ (contador de Conversi) 3,Streamer limitado (câmara de Iarocci) 4.RPC- (Resistive Plate Counter) - baseados em cintilação 5.Contador de cintilação 6.Contador Cerenkov 7.Fluorescência

    29. Alguns detetores Detetores de visualização 8.câmara de nuvens 9.câmara de emulsões 10.câmara de bolhas ...

    30. Cronologia 1687 : Força Gravitacional - I.Newton 1785 : Força Elétrica - C.A.Coulomb 1885 : Raio-X - W.Roentgen 1896 : Radiação - H.Becquerel 1897 : e/m - J.J.Thomson 1898 : Radio - P.Curie & M.Curie 1900 : Constante h de Planck - M.Planck Condutividade residual no ar - C.T.R.Wilson H.Geitel & J.Elster 1905 : Explicação do Efeito Fotoelétrico e Relatividade Especial - A.Einstein 1909 : Ionização na Torre Eiffel - T.Wulf

    31. Cronologia 1911 : Núcleo atômico - E.Rutherford Câmara de Nuvens - C.T.R.Wilson 1912 : Aumento da ionização com a altitude - V.F.Hess 1913 : Medições até 9.000 m - W.Kolhörster Modelo atômico - N.Bohr 1915 : Relatividade Geral - A.Einstein 1923 : Efeito Compton - A.H.Compton Ondas materiais - L.V.deBroglie 1925 : Spin - G.E.Uhlenbeck & S.A.Goudsmit Efeito de pressão - L.Mysovski &Tuwin Princípio de Exclusão - W.Pauli

    32. Cronologia 1925 : Mecânica Quântica Matricial - M.Born, W.K.Heisenberg & P.Jordan 1926 : Mecânica Quântica Ondulatória - E.Schroedinger 1927 : Efeito de Latitude - J.Clay 1928 : Contador G-M - H.Geiger & W.Mueller Chuveiros - D.V.Skobeltzyn Método de coincidência - W.Bothe &W.Kolhörster Mecânica Quântica Relativistica - P.A.Dirac Modêlo da desintegração ? - G.Gamow 1931 : Hipótese do neutrino - W.Pauli 1932 : Neutron - J.Chadwick Efeito da Latitude - A.H.Compton

    33. Cronologia 1932 : e+ - C.A.Anderson e+ e- - P.M.S.Blackett & G.P.S.Occhialini Componentes mole e dura da R.C. - B.Rossi ‘Teoria’ de chuveiros - H.Bhabha & W.H.Heitler 1933 : Efeito Leste-Oeste - T.H.Johnson 1934 : Força Fraca (Decaimento ?) - E.Fermi 1935 : Força Nuclear - H.Yukawa 1936 : Muon (mesotron) - C.D.Anderson & S.H.Neddermeyer J.C.Street & E.C.Stenvenson 1938 : CAE (=EAS) - P.Auger 1946 :‘Teoria’ de dois mésons-S.Sakata,T.Inoue&Y.Tanikawa R.E.Marshak

    34. Cronologia 1947 : Absorção nuclear do ‘méson’ - M.Conversi, E.Pancini & O.Piccioni Pion - C.M.G.Lattes, G.P.S.Occhialini & C.F.Powell 1948 : Produção artificial do Pion -E.Gardner & C.M.G.Lattes Primários pesados - P.Freier, E.J.Lofgren, E.P.Ney, F.Oppenheimer, H.L.Bradt & B.Peters 1948 : Novas partículas - G.D.Rochester, C.C.Butler 1950 : Produção Múltipla de Mésons em emulsões nucleares – J.J.Lord, J.Fainberg and M.Schein 1953 : Produção Múltipla de Mésons em câmaras de nuvens de Hidrogênio a alta pressão - O.Kusumoto

    35. Cronologia 1953 : Produção Múltipla de Mésons em acelerador de partículas - W.B.Fowler

    36. Tópicos para seminários a) Interações Eletromagnéticas b) Detetores c) Interações Nucleares d) Experimento de Conversi, Pancini e Piccioni e) Pósitron f) Muon e Pion g) Chuveiros Atmosféricos Extensos

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