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Applications of Biotechnological Processes. Antibiotic Production. Biotechnology and Health. Biotechnology can be applied to: Diagnose diseases Treat infectious diseases Treat non-infectious diseases Biotechnology enables scientists to make: Antibiotics Hormones Vaccines. Disease.
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Applications of Biotechnological Processes Antibiotic Production
Biotechnology and Health Biotechnology can be applied to: • Diagnose diseases • Treat infectious diseases • Treat non-infectious diseases Biotechnology enables scientists to make: • Antibiotics • Hormones • Vaccines
Disease • Diseases have many causes: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa.
Fighting Disease There are many ways that diseases can be fought: • Prevent infection (skin acts as a barrier, sneezing removes foreign particles, blood clots seal wounds, lysozyme in tears, vomiting)
Phagocytes (white blood cells) White blood cell Granulocyte (lobed nuclei) Monocyte (single nucleus, usually U-shaped They work by engulfing foreign particles. This is a non-specific immune response.
Lymphocytes – white blood cells • These cells are responsible for producing antibodies. • 2 types of lymphocyte – B cells – these produce antibodies that are secreted into the bloodstream. Can also develop into memory cells. T cells – these produce antibodies that attach to the surface of the cell. The whole cell migrates to the site of injury
Antibiotic Production • Many secondary metabolites (produced after the exponential growth phase) have either an inhibitory effect upon bacterial growth or a lethal effect on bacterial growth. • These secondary metabolites are known as antibiotics.
Antibiotic Mode of Action • Antibiotics can work by: • Inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis • Inhibiting protein synthesis • Inhibit DNA synthesis • Inhibit cell membrane function
Examples of antibiotics – streptomycin, tetracycline. • Antibiotics are produced on a large scale in fermenters.
Derivatives can be added to antibiotics e.g. side chains can be substituted to ensure that the antibiotic drug is not destroyed by stomach acid Substitution of R group. Lincomycin (produced from the bacterium Streptomyces. Used to treat Penicillin resistant infections) Clindamycin Has a greater intracellular accumulation than lincomycin.
Bacteriostatic and Bacteriocidal Modes of Antibiotic Action • Bacteriostatic – antibiotic has an inhibitory effect. They inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria without killing them e.g. tetracycline • Bacteriocidal – antibiotic has a lethal effect, they kill the bacteria e.g. penicillin
Paper Questions • 2002 Q2